Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made an opportunity revelation from a previously disposed of, tainted Petri dish. The form that had debased the examination ended up containing an incredible anti-infection, penicillin. In any case, however Fleming was credited with the disclosure, it was longer than 10 years before another person transformed penicillin into the wonder medicate that has helped spare a huge number of lives. Grimy Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital in the wake of having recently come back from an excursion at the Dhoon (his nation house) with his family. Before he had departed on an extended get-away, Fleming had heaped some of his Petri dishes to the side of the seat with the goal that Stuart R. Craddock could utilize his workbench while he was away. Once more from excursion, Fleming was figuring out the long unattended stacks to figure out which ones could be rescued. A considerable lot of the dishes had been defiled. Fleming set each of these in an ever-developing heap in a plate of Lysol. Searching for a Wonder Drug Quite a bit of Flemings work concentrated on the quest for a miracle tranquilize. In spite of the fact that the idea of microorganisms had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek initially depicted it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur affirmed that microscopic organisms caused ailments. Nonetheless, however they had this information, nobody had at this point had the option to locate a compound that would slaughter destructive microbes yet additionally not hurt the human body. In 1922, Fleming made a significant disclosure, lysozyme. While working with certain microscopic organisms, Flemings nose released, dropping some bodily fluid onto the dish. The microscopic organisms vanished. Fleming had found a characteristic substance found in tears and nasal bodily fluid that enables the body to battle germs. Fleming presently understood the chance of finding a substance that could eliminate microbes however not unfavorably influence the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while figuring out his heap of dishes, Flemings previous lab partner, D. Merlin Pryce made a trip to visit with Fleming. Fleming accepted this open door to grumble about the measure of additional work he needed to do since Pryce had moved from his lab. To illustrate, Fleming scavenged through the enormous heap of plates he had set in the Lysol plate and pulled out a few that had remained securely over the Lysol. Had there not been such a large number of, each would have been lowered in Lysol, slaughtering the microorganisms to make the plates safe to perfect and afterward reuse. While getting one specific dish to show Pryce, Fleming saw something peculiar about it. While he had been away, a form had developed on the dish. That in itself was not peculiar. Notwithstanding, this specific shape appeared to have slaughtered the Staphylococcus aureus that had been developing in the dish. Fleming understood that this form had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming went through half a month developing more form and attempting to decide the specific substance in the shape that killed the microscopic organisms. In the wake of talking about the shape with mycologist (form master) C. J. La Touche who had his office underneath Flemings, they decided the shape to be a Penicillium form. Fleming at that point called the dynamic antibacterial operator in the shape, penicillin. In any case, where did the form originate from? In all probability, the shape originated from La Touches room first floor. La Touche had been gathering a huge examining of molds for John Freeman, who was investigating asthma, and all things considered, some drifted up to Flemings lab. Fleming kept on running various tests to decide the impact of the shape on other destructive microorganisms. Shockingly, the form executed an enormous number of them. Fleming at that point ran further tests and saw the shape as non-harmful. Could this be the marvel medicate? To Fleming, it was most certainly not. Despite the fact that he saw its latent capacity, Fleming was not a scientific expert and in this manner couldn't segregate the dynamic antibacterial component, penicillin, and couldn't keep the component dynamic long enough to be utilized in people. In 1929, Fleming composed a paper on his discoveries, which didn't collect any logical intrigue. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two researchers at Oxford University were investigating promising activities in bacteriology that might be improved or proceeded with science. Australian Howard Florey and German displaced person Ernst Chain started working with penicillin. Utilizing new concoction procedures, they had the option to deliver an earthy colored powder that saved its antibacterial force for longer than a couple of days. They tried different things with the powder and saw it as sheltered. Requiring the new medication promptly for the war front, large scale manufacturing began rapidly. The accessibility of penicillin during World War II spared numerous lives that in any case would have been lost because of bacterial contaminations in even minor injuries. Penicillin additionally rewarded diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Acknowledgment In spite of the fact that Fleming found penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable item. In spite of the fact that both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and every one of them three (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were granted the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is as yet credited for finding penicillin.

Deception Is An Important Theme English Literature Essay

Trickery Is An Important Theme English Literature Essay At times trickery can be unintended when the characters dont intend to lie, as in the play by Anton Chekhov, anyway in Henrik Ibsens play, the double crosser lies deliberately to ensure the one she cherishes. The underlying demonstration of misdirection is indicated when Nora deludes her significant other and obtains cash from Krogstad to spare Torvalds life. She at that point keeps misleading him meaning to reimburse back the credit. Nora figures it her obligation to lie so as to ensure her significant other anyway this makes her helpless as a courageous woman to Krogstad who presently extorts her. This is a case of a sensational incongruity since the perusers and the vast majority of the characters aside from Torvald, realize what Nora has truly done. In contrast to her, Ranevsky, the fundamental courageous woman of the Cherry Orchard doesnt misdirect others however herself. Self-double dealing is a procedure of denying intelligent contentions and clear proof. Here the topics of changing occasions and powerlessness to acknowledge change are investigated. Madame Ranevsky needs to look for shelter in her adolescence past from the surrender all expectations regarding her current life, to recall the past and overlook the present by declining to confront the truth. In the wake of going through five years abroad, she returns to her dearest home. Anyway she begins crying at seeing [Her] nursery, [her] dear, lovely nursery! she feels like a young lady. The nursery is a misnomer and it presents an extremely nostalgic air, which raises awful recollections of the demise of Madames child, which she can not deal with. She left Russia for Paris, to overlook the recollections of her spouses and children passings in any case. At the point when the opportunity arrives to sell the cherry plantation, Madam Ranevsky wouldn't like to comprehend the earnestness of the circumstance. She doesn't accept that she can lose the plantation as a result of the extravagance she used to live in, permitting herself everything and now she can not and wouldn't like to acknowledge the way that she needs to change that. The champion understands that she has lead an off-base way of life, she trespassed and overspent, anyway she doesn't effectively change that. She accepts that everything will settle itself. Along these lines, Nora accepts that her demonstration of duplicity was accomplished for more noteworthy's benefit, since she was persuaded by her spouses sickness and needed to spare him thus she doesn't attempt to stay away from further lies and adulterations. In actuality, she continues deluding Torvald, on little things, for example, eating macaroons and tiptoeing to tune in at his entryway, since she wants to hide reality from her better half to spare their marriage and this is the fundamental wellspring of the plot development. Torvald consequently beguiles Nora by causing her to accept he cherishes her, he even says Do you know Nora, frequently I wish some horrible peril would undermine you, with the goal that I could offer my life and my blood, everything for the wellbeing of you. Truly he organizes his notoriety before her and just sees her as his property. He just fantasizes about how flawless their life is, which is another case of self-double dealing. Plainly their whole relationship is based upon falsehoods and double dealing. Nora urges her kids to mislead Torvald when she says Dont converse with anybody about the weird man of his word. You hear? Not even to Daddy. By doing that she forfeits her childrens blamelessness. Like Torvald, Madam Ranevsky will in general form a fence around herself by disregarding her feelings to make an upbeat world for herself. At the point when she returns home, she is fretful, she says I cannot sit still! I cannot do it! [Jumping up and strolling about in incredible agitation.] This bliss is beyond what I can tolerate. Giggle at me! I am an imbecile! My dear old organizer! [Caressing a table.] My dear minimal table! . This makes her character absurd and from her kissing the bookshelves and her response over her colleagues passings, we comprehend that she can't deal with anything genuine. As referenced previously, France was a position of shelter for Madame Ranevsky when she expected to get away and since one of the most troublesome phases of her life is over she doesn't appear to acknowledge Paris. When she has returned to Russia she attempts to overlook her life there on the grounds that her darling undermined her and she is down and out. Albeit later on she escapes from Paris to Russia. At the point when she gets two messages from that point she quickly destroys them without perusing, and says They are from Paris. Ive finished with Paris. Anyway when she returns to Russia, we see that she still hasnt overlooked her past in Paris, her unfaithful darling and the demise of her youngster. Later on in the play, when she converses with Gayef she out of nowhere shouts Look! Theres mamma strolling in the orchard㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ in a white gown. There she is! Something about Madame Ranevsky daydreaming shows how disengaged she is from the real world. Additionally, the piece and course of the mind flight uncover the idea of her disengagement. She looks for asylum from quite a while ago, her guiltless youth, and for her, the plantation is an image of her past-the way that she fantasizes her mom in the plantation shows how disengaged she is from the real world, affirming what she looks for. In a Dolls House, trust in opportunity and autonomy spurs Nora to continue lying and misleading since we generally will in general want whatever we cannot get. Anyway she isnt the main character who lies and goes behind the rear of her friends and family. Dr. Rank who is a family companion shrouds his actual affections for Nora from both Torvald and his significant other. The main explanation Nora really gets some answers concerning how he genuinely feels, is the point at which she attempts to look for his assistance and she figures out how to see underneath the surface to his heart. This is the way she discovers that he is subtly infatuated with her. Then again Dr. Rank is by all accounts extremely circumspect and the main explanation he deludes the two his companions is on the grounds that he attempts to be a reliable companion to Torvald. He is making a decent attempt to be faithful and yet he can not avoid Nora. Likewise he figures out how to uncover Noras passionate adolescence and reluctance to abuse social shows. In this way we cannot make certain of whether his trickiness is purposeful or not. Torvald, in spite of the fact that it appears as though he was the one beguiled by the two his significant other and his companion, can be viewed as the one generally liable of the wrongdoing. All through the entire play, we perceive how he has beguiled Nora into accepting that their marriage is great, while as a general rule it was only his dream. The most significant thing for him was to have the option to keep up a legitimate appearance of balance and fittingness in light of the fact that the general public he was raised in is critical and biased. Like Ibsen, Chekhov presents a character who is additionally extremely worried about looks and appearances. Lopakhin, an ex-laborer who is presently an affluent neighbor converses with the house cleaner worker, Dunyasha. Despite the fact that he delights in his own financial circumstance, simultaneously, he scolds Dunyasha, by saying You are excessively refined, Dunyasha, that is the thing that it is. You dress yourself like a youngster, and take a gander at your hair! You should not to do it, you should recall your place. He says that she is still of a low social standing. He is rebuking her and advising her not to act like a woman, reminding her she is just the house cleaner. This scene causes strain since there is this polarity as he isn't exactly alright with the new changes since he himself originated from a worker foundation. He nearly negates what he is stating, which is another obvious case of self-misleading. Taking everything into account, we see that trickery is a significant topic since its the primary driver for characters to lose feeling of the real world and its likewise an impetus of the peak. Toward the finish of A Dolls House, Nora at long last turns out to be progressively mindful of how daze she was and leaves her family to look for opportunity and autonomy. Torvald then again even toward the finish of the play, is as yet committed to a delusion, a picture of something that was never truly there. Toward the finish of The Cherry Orchard, Madame Ranevsky loses every one of her assets along with the plantation and returns to Paris, abandoning everything that she thought she had confidence in. From this we realize, that double dealing is frequently activated by the acknowledgment or dissatisfaction with others in the public arena, since we will in general consideration a lot about what every other person thinks and in this way attempt to mix in.

Recipe for Fun

Recipe for Fun A couple of you asked for the recipe for my plantain crusted salmon, so here it goes. Disclaimer: I kinda eyeballed everything and nothing really is exact. What you need: Salmon filets 1 bag Plantain Chips Salt Pepper Lemon Garlic Powder Oregano Olive Oil Instructions: Preheat oven to 350 F. Clean your fish and then squeeze lemon on both sides. Dust both sides of the salmon with salt and pepper. In a blender or food processor, take your plantain chips, oregano, and garlic powder and crush to your desired crush factor. Lightly coat both sides of your salmon filet with olive oil and then dip in plantain chip crush. Place on cookie pan covered in aluminum foil and bake on the top rack of oven for 10 15 minutes. Eat and be merry. As far as the smashed sweet potatoes, you can either boil sweet potatoes, then peel them Or you can cheat and buy yams in a can. Blend the sweet potatoes with a little water or milk. Add a little salt and a little light brown sugar. Cook on medium heat for 10 minutes. Eat and be merry.again. The thought of salmon reminds me of my voyage to Chowderfest this weekend, but if I told you about that now, I wouldnt have anything to tell you about tomorrow.

The Consequences of the Norman Conquest

The success of William of Normandy (1028–1087)s Norman Conquest of 1066, when he seized the crown from Harold II (1022–1066), was once credited with bringing in a host of new legal, political and social changes to England, effectively marking 1066 as the start of a new age in English history. Historians now believe the reality is more nuanced, with more inherited from the Anglo-Saxons, and more developed as a reaction to what was happening in England, rather than the Normans simply recreating Normandy in their new land. Nevertheless, the Norman Conquest still bought many changes. The following is a list of the major effects. Changes Impacting the Elites Anglo-Saxon elites, the largest landholders in England, were replaced by Franco-Normans. Those Anglo-Saxons nobles who had survived the battles of 1066 had the chance to serve William and retain power and land, but many rebelled over contentious issues, and soon William had turned away from compromise to importing loyal men from the continent. By William’s death, the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was all but replaced. In the Domesday book of 1086, there are only four large English landowners. However, there may only have been around 25,000 Franco-Normans out of a population of two million when William died. There was not a massive importation of a new Norman population, just the people at the top.The idea that a landowner held two types of land—his patrimony, the family land which he had inherited, and his extended lands which he had conquered—and the idea that these lands could go to different heirs, came into England with the Normans. Familial relationships of heirs to parents, changed as a result.The power of the earls was reduced after Anglo-Saxon rebellions. Earls had their lands stripped from them, with correspondingly reduced wealth and influence.Higher taxes: most monarchs are criticized for heavy taxes, and William I was no exception. But he had to raise funds for the occupation and pacification of England. Changes to the Church Like the landowning elites, many of the upper reaches of church government was replaced. By 1087, eleven of fifteen bishops were Norman, and only one of the other four was English. The church had power over people and land, and now William had power over them.Far more English land was given to continental monasteries, to hold as ‘alien priories’, then before the Norman Conquest. Indeed, more monasteries were founded in England. Changes to the Built Environment Continental architecture was imported en mass. Every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral or abbey, apart from Westminster, was rebuilt bigger and more fashionably. Parish churches were also widely rebuilt in stone.Anglo-Saxons did not, in general, build castles, and the Normans started a huge building program in Norman castles in order to help secure their power. The most common early type was wooden, but stone followed. The castle building habits of the Normans has left a mark on England still visible to the eye (and the tourist industry is thankful for it.)Royal forests, with their own laws, were created. Changes for Commoners The importance of receiving land from a lord in return for loyalty and service grew enormously under the Normans, who created a system of land tenure unmatched in Europe. Quite how homogeneous this system was (probably not very), and whether it can be called feudal (probably not) are still being discussed. Before the conquest, Anglo-Saxons owed an amount of service based on regularized units of land holding; afterward, they owed service based entirely on the settlement they had achieved with their overlord or the king.There was a large decline in the numbers of free peasants, who were lower class workers who could quit their land in search of new landlords. Changes in Justice System A new court, known as the Lords, honorial or seigniorial, was created. They were held, as the name suggests, by lords for their tenants, and have been called a key part of the â€Å"feudal† system.Murdrum fines: if a Norman was killed, and the killer not identified, the entire English community could be fined. That this law was needed perhaps reflects on the problems faced by the Norman raiders.Trial by battle was introduced. International Changes The links between Scandinavia and England were deeply severed. Instead, England was brought closer to events in France and this region of the continent, leading to the Angevin Empire and then the Hundred Years War. Before 1066 England had seemed destined to stay in the orbit of Scandinavian, whose conquerors had taken hold of large chunks of the British Isles. After 1066 England looked south.Increased use of writing in government. While the Anglo-Saxons had written some things down, Anglo-Norman government vastly increased it.After 1070, Latin replaced English as the language of government. Sources and Further Reading Chibnall, Marjorie. The Debate on the Norman Conquest. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press, 1999.Loyn, H. R. Anglo Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1991.Huscroft, Richard. The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. London: Routledge, 2013.

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Stefan’s Diaries Bloodlust Chapter 29 Free Essays

Damon and I ran at vampire speed through the streets of New Orleans. Unlike when we first arrived and Damon lagged reluctantly behind me, we ran side by side, the adobe and brick houses blurring past us like melting wax. Something had shifted between us in that arena, I felt it in my very being. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 29 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Something had changed in Damons eyes as hed regarded me and refused to attack, even as the crowd jeered on. I wondered how the match would have ended had the tent not gone up in flames–would we have taken the humans one by one, or would one Salvatore brother have ended up dead and bloodied on the dusty floor? The image of the Mystic Falls church blazing like an oversize torch sprang to my mind. The town had burned down the church and the vampires trapped within it the night our father killed us–and the vampire Damon had loved. But Damon and I were still here, like phoenixes rising from the ashes of the vampires who came before us. Perhaps out of the fire of this circus in our new home city, a new kinship between us would spring to life–like the new life that arose in prairies after the previous years crops had been burned to the level of the soil. Damon and I continued to run, our feet slapping against the cobblestones in perfect unison, down the back alleys and streets Id learned so well in my few weeks of living here. But as we rounded the corner onto Dauphine, the same street where Lexi had taken me shopping, I stopped short. Affixed to the window of the tailors shop was a crude drawing of me and Damon, our fangs bared, both of us crouched low.The fight of the century, the posters read. I wondered if Callie had drawn them. Probably. Damon leaned in close, examining the poster. â€Å"That drawing makes you look a bit stocky, brother. Might be time to lay off the barmaids.† â€Å"Ha, ha,† I said dryly, looking around. Shouts sounded behind us, in the direction of the circus. We had a good head start, but if Callie had distributed these posters as widely as we had the posters for Damon, then we wouldnt be safe until we were inside. The spindly spire of a church rose in the distance–the church that was kitty-corner to Lexis place. â€Å"Come on!† I pushed Damon in the direction of the church, and we didnt talk until we reached the rickety white house. â€Å"This is where you live?† Damons lip curled as his eyes flicked up from the sagging, whitewashed porch to the dark windows. â€Å"Well, I understand that it may not measure up to your standards, but we all must make sacrifices every now and again,† I said sarcastically as I led him to the back door. The door swung open, allowing a triangular slice of light to pour out over the dark backyard. I put my hands up as Lexi appeared in the doorway. â€Å"I know you said no visitors, but–â€Å" â€Å"Come in. Quickly!† she said, locking the door the second we crossed the threshold. In the main room, candles were burning, and Buxton, Hugo, and Percy were all perched on the chairs and couches, as if they were in the middle of a meeting. â€Å"You must be Damon.† Lexi nodded to him slightly. â€Å"Welcome to our home.† I was aware of Damon watching her, and wondered what he saw. â€Å"Yes, maam,† Damon said with an easy grin. â€Å"And Im afraid that during our time in captivity, my brother somehow failed to mention you and your†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhis eyes flicked over Percy and Buxton–â€Å"family.† Percy bristled and half-rose from his seat, but Lexi put up a hand to stop him. â€Å"Im Lexi. And as Stefan is your brother, my home is your home.† â€Å"We escaped,† I started to explain. Lexi nodded. â€Å"I know. Buxton was there.† â€Å"You were?† I whirled around in surprise. â€Å"Were you betting for me or against me?† Damon let out a little snort. Lexi laid a hand on my forearm. â€Å"Be nice. He was there to help you.† My eyes widened. â€Å"You were going to help me?† Buxton leaned back in his chair. â€Å"I was. But then someone had the bright idea to burn down the whole place, so I left.† He crossed his arms over his chest, looking pleased at himself for being part of the action. â€Å"It was Callie. She lit the fire,† I said. Lexis eyes registered surprise. â€Å"I was wrong,† she said simply. â€Å"Its been known to happen.† â€Å"You must forgive my poor manners in interrupting, but do you have anything to eat?† Damon asked, not turning away from the portrait of an old woman that he was examining. â€Å"Ive had a rather difficult few weeks.† For the first time since we had escaped, I really looked at my brother. His voice was hoarse, as if he was unused to using it. Bloody gashes covered his arms and legs; his clothes were in tattered rags; and his shock of black hair was filthy and lank against his pale neck. Red rimmed his eyes, and his hands trembled slightly. â€Å"Of course. You boys must be starving.† Lexi tsked. â€Å"Buxton, take him to the butcher shop. Let him eat his fill. I doubt there are enough humans in New Orleans to quench his thirst. And tonight, at least, he deserves to eat like a king.† â€Å"Yes, maam,† Buxton said, bowing slightly as he raised his bulk from the chair. â€Å"Ill join him,† I said, heading toward the door. â€Å"No.† Lexi shook her head and grabbed my arm–hard. â€Å"I have tea for you.† â€Å"But † I protested, confused and annoyed. I could practically taste the pigs blood on my tongue. â€Å"No buts,† Lexi said sharply, sounding remarkably like my mother. Buxton opened the door for Damon, who wiggled his brow at me as if to say, â€Å"Poor boy!† If Lexi saw, she pretended not to notice, instead busying herself with the tea kettle while I slumped on one of the rickety chairs set up around the table, my head resting on my hands. â€Å"When you become a vampire, its not just your teeth and diet that change,† Lexi said as she stoked the fire in the stove, her back toward me. â€Å"What does that mean?† I asked defensively. â€Å"It means that you and your brother arent who you used to be. Youve both changed, and you may not know Damon as well as you think,† Lexi said, carrying two steaming mugs in her hands. â€Å"Goats blood.† â€Å"I dontlikegoats blood,† I said, pushing the mug away angrily. I sounded like a petulant toddler, and I didnt care. â€Å"And no one knows Damon better than I do.† â€Å"Oh, Stefan,† Lexi said, looking at me kindly. â€Å"I know. But promise me youll be careful. These are dangerous times–for everyone.† At the worddangerous, something clicked in my mind. â€Å"Callie! I have to find her!† â€Å"No!† Lexi pushed me back down on my chair. â€Å"Her father will not harm her, but hell kill you, given half the chance, and youre in no shape for a fight.† I opened my mouth to protest, but Lexi cut me off. â€Å"Callie is fine. You can see her tomorrow. But for now, drink the blood. Fall asleep. When you awaken, you will be healed, and you, Damon, and Callie will figure out everything then.† Lexi left the kitchen with a swish of her aprons and extinguished the lamp. Suddenly exhaustion fell over me like a heavy blanket, and the desire to fight Lexis advice drained from my body. With a sigh, I lifted the mug and took a small sip. The liquid was warm and velvety, and I couldnt help but admit that it was good. Lexi was right–I would see Callie tomorrow to say good-bye. But I needed rest. My entire body hurt, even my heart. At least you know you have one, I imagined Lexi saying, and I smiled in the darkness. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 29, Essay examples

Case Study of CQuest Marine-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Disucss about the Case Study of CQuest Marine Laboratory. Answer: Introduction: The part of the business organisation that is responsible for the production of goods or services is called the operation management. Production of goods requires the involvement of the raw materials, parts of the machine or any other related work for the completion of the particular project (Falkowski et al., 2014). At many times, it is also found that a particular organisation is found to redesign their business operation in the production of goods or services when they find it necessary (Pinson, 2013). The aim of the entire operation management plan is to ensure that the business operations are efficient in terms of conservation of resources as well as meeting the requirement of the prospected group of consumers. The idea is to manage the process of manufacturing the product or providing the service in order to the consumers (Jacobs Chase, 2013). The idea is to be responsible enough to ensure that the particular business operation is efficient and that the inputs can be easily co nverted to outputs without the loss of material, labour and energy. The aim of this report is to carry out a case study analysis of the CQuest Marine Laboratory that is a floating platform along the coral Cay. A detailed analysis of the operational management activities undertaken by this laboratory shall be taken into consideration in order to evaluate the case. Based on the findings, certain recommendations can be made that would help to improve the business activity of the Quest Marine Laboratory. Critical analysis of the case study: CQuest Marine Laboratory is a floating platform that is permanently anchored along the coral Cay started as a marine laboratory. The laboratory has been privately owned by Douglas and Amy Patterson. Later, this laboratory was converted into a business venture that was opened for the tourists (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Doug and Amy are well known for their business activities and ventures related to tourism and this is reflected from the fact that they have received international tourism award in 2017. In terms of operational activities there needs to be certain activities to be changed in the present business model (Heizer, 2016). Primarily, in order to create unique tourism experience, the place needs to be fixed and amended in order create a place that will be a better place for the tourists to visit. There needs to appoint a number of persons who shall be responsible for taking care of the overall activities of serving and hospitality. The demand of the particular business depe nds on the seasonal activities. For example, the demand increases during the holidays in the northern and southern continents (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). The complete process also needed a huge amount of investment because there needs to be a change in the traditional form of tourism activity. The idea of the business is to give such an experience to the visitors that they could not find it anywhere else (Slack, 2015). Ultimately, all these operations require recruiting a person who shall be responsible for taking care of the entire activity. Considering all the aspects of the operation management, the particular business idea has been found to be successful enough. However, it has been also observed that in terms of using the particular place for the tourism activities, it has also been found to degrade the renowned aspect of the particular place declining the geographic and the physical beauty of the particular place(Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Thus, this has created a chall enge in terms of sustainability of the business. Operations Management principles According to the operation management principle, there are certain ways of creating an optimal output from various inputs. The idea is similar in case of both products and services. The Operation Management Principles that are linked with the particular case study can be mentioned below: Principle of organisation: According to this concept, there should remain coherence in all the activities of the manufacturing or service that directly contribute towards the profitability of the organisation. The idea is to build the organisation that it would support the demand of the market (Peppard Ward, 2016). Therefore, the expenditure that has been made in improving the condition of business is justified enough because it has also helped in accommodating a larger number of tourists. Principle of fundamental and accountability: The organisation should be responsible enough to adhere to the principles of maintaining the records and principles of the business. For instance, the idea behind the business model of the CQML was that it would come up with the approach of building a place to stay for the tourists looking into the factor that the demand of hotels is high in that region (Annarelli Nonino, 2016). Thus, when the tourists will be given a better option for their stay. Process management: Another aspect of the operation management is the process management. The idea is to transform the expenses and other things as input into the output that would provide the required output (Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Primarily, the idea of the operation management is to come up with high quality labour because in order to carry out the various activities of the particular business (Galliers Leidner, 2014). If the particular case study it has been found that since the business is related to the hospitality sector, it is important to hire that particular individual who shall be taking care of the overall activities of the business. Thus, investing on the labour is a wise and just decision. Just in time: In order to provide the service to the visitors it is also important to undertake the just in time service approach that would help the organisation to come up with better ideas that would serve the consumers in a better way by offering them new form of leisure and entertainment activities (Jacobs Chase, 2013). Operational Management Theories: The theories of operation management that can be discussed according to the implementation of the particular business are the Total Quality Management and the Theory of Constraints. Theory of Constraints: According to this theory, the idea of the business is to identify the important factors that are systematically improved until certain limiting factors are put into existence. The idea is to improve the existing and the complex business idea and to bring profit in the shortest possible time. According to the particular case study, it has been found that Doug and Amy came up with a unique idea of providing the best quality service to the tourists or the visitors. In order to do this, the primary step undertaken is to provide the best quality service to the visitors (Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Considering the increased demand, it has also been found that better approach has been made on designing the particular place that it would be liked by all and would effectively work as a particular business model (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). In addition to this, it has been found that considering the increasing impact of the global warming, the business model has als o focused on creating a new idea that would be welcome for the tourists or the visitors. Theory of Total Quality Management: The idea of business concept and the management approach that is carried on through the customer satisfaction process is called the total quality management. In the recent time when the competition in the market is very high, it is important to become customer focused and provide all the necessary elements that would create better opportunity for the customers and serve them in the right way (Oakland, 2014). The total quality management also involves others activities as well. For example, it required continuous monitoring of the process as well. In fact, when it comes to the quality management of the hospitality business, it was important to consider the internal and external factors that would affect the business. Thus, it is important to carry out a detailed market research in order to understand the market demand and framing the organisational strategies in the similar way (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Six Sigma model: This model is based on the fact that there is the need of continuous improvement in the process of business. In order to do so, there should be improvement in the quality and system of the particular product or service. The Six Sigma process involves a number of approaches as well. Primarily, it is important to design the model keeping the needs of the consumers into consideration (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). For the tourism activity, it is important to consider the changing demand of the consumers when it comes to tourism activity. Thus, designing the particular spot according to the choice of the consumers is the first important criterion. In doing so, it is equally important to consider the sustainability approach of the entire business process (Mir Pinnington, 2014). It has been found that the particular design of the tourism activity does not comply by the sustainability of the environment. Recommendations: Understanding the market demand: As kit has been observed that the demand of the particular hospitality sector varies according to the demand, it is important to carry out a detailed market survey. This would include the internal and external demand analysis of the market according to the changing scenario of the tourism activities (McFarlin Sweeney, 2014). Considering continual improvement in the business: As it has been found that the business model is based on the nature and the tourism activities, it is important to keep a continual improvement of the particular business model. Keeping pace with the changing demand of the consumers should be the major motive of the business. In addition to this, improvement related to the activities of the tourism would add prosperity to the business (Zurich, 2017). Strategic and systematic approach: There is no particular business mission and vision that has been found to be followed in this particular business model. Thus, it has to be recommended that there should be a strategic and systematic approach towards the particular business model (Jeston Nelis, 2014). The mission of the business could be to serve the visitors and take them to the lap of the nature in order to give them an experience that they never had. It is equally important to carry on a systematic approach that would follow the business model. Building business model towards sustainability: Sustainability should be the primary concern when it comes to a business activity related to the nature and tourism. From the business model, it has been clearly evident that there is no concept of sustainability that has been applied in this particular business model (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Thus, it is highly recommended that certain sustainable approach to save the environment should be undertaken by Doug and Amy. Conclusion: By the end of the findings, it can be concluded that the business approach that has been undertaken based on the tourism and hospitality can be a good idea of the business because of the uniqueness of the business. This particular place offers a different kind of enjoyment to the visitors as the idea is unique. It has been found that the considering the fluctuating demand of the tourism activity at different season and time of the year, there should be different opportunities of carrying out the business operation. Different types of operational management theories and models have been used for understanding the business model and concept. It has been found that designing the business accordingly keeping the aspects like profitability and sustainability into consideration. Based on the findings, certain recommendations have also been made. It is very important to understand the market demand and then shaping the business activity likewise. In doing so, conducting the market analysis is important. Undertaking a systematic and strategic approach of the business is the primary requisite apart from designing and building a particular business model. It is expected that the unique business idea will be effective and fruitful enough to attract more numbers of tourists and visitors to this particular place. References: Annarelli, A., Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions.Omega,62, 1-18. Brown, S., Bessant, J. R., Lamming, R. (2013).Strategic operations management. Routledge. Falkowski, M. J., Hudak, A. T., Crookston, N. L., Scheller, R. M., Duveneck, M., Nagel, L. M., Froese, R. E. (2014, December). Enhancing Tools and Geospatial Data to Support Operational Forest Management and Regional Forest Planning in the Face of Climate Change. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Jacobs, R., Chase, R. (2013).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. McFarlin, D., Sweeney, P. D. (2014).International management: strategic opportunities cultural challenges. Routledge. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Oakland, J. S. (2014).Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Pinson, P. (2013). Wind energy: Forecasting challenges for its operational management.Statistical Science, 564-585. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2014). Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), 232-241. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Zurich, L. B. (2017). Service Operations and Management.

My evaluation for Grease Essay Example

My evaluation for Grease Essay My film that I choose was Grease because it contains music, dancing and humor. It is a cross between comedy and teen movies. It is a tribute to the Broadway show of the 1950s. It was directed by Randal Klieser and was released on July 7th 1978. The music and dance scenes are what attracted me to Grease. My favorite characters are John Travolta and Jeff Conaway who play Danny and Kenickie. I like these two because they are your typical high school popular boys who are always looking out for each other, looking good and they are always trying to get the beautiful girls but at the same time acting cool like it doesnt bother them. I had high expectations of Grease and I lived up to each and every single one of them. I learnt about this film through television and newspapers. We used three simple words from everyday media. Firstly narrative is from the Latin word narra, meaning the way a story is told. Many theories have been applied to the creation of stories. Tzvetan Torodovs 5stages of narrative. He said that all plots had 5 major components. These 5 components are equilibrium, disruption, complications, climax and resolutions (also called new equilibrium. The story begins with a situation of normality although not necessarily a positive one. An event changes the story, which involves the struggle of the characters to restore the equilibrium or reach their goal. The story reaches a point where the equilibrium or goal hangs in the balance. Normally the equilibrium is restored or a new equilibrium is established. Grease used this theory because the equilibrium is Rydell high the normal high school, the disruption is when Sandy comes and knows Danny, the complications is that Danny cannot be with Sandy because she is too pure for him and he is the most po pular guy in school, the resolution is that Sandy turns into a bad girl and the climax is when Sandy and Danny end up together. We will write a custom essay sample on My evaluation for Grease specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My evaluation for Grease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My evaluation for Grease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly genre is the French word meaning type. Genres may be approached by way of various critical avenues. In the Aristotelian strain we recognize genres as kinds within a system of classification. These categories beg further definition, so there is a history of, on the one hand, the refinement of divisions and subdivisions, and on the other a Platonic search for the essential qualities of tragedy, comedy, epic poetry, and so forth. By the recognition of genres we begin to find our way in the universe of verbal artifacts with their feigned discourses, and to train our expectations upon the experience that lies in wait for us. Greases genre is a hybrid genre because it is a cross between a comedy, a teen movie and romantic. Lastly representation is the act of representing or the state of being represented. Also it is something that represents an image, an account or statement, an expostulation or a presentation or production. For example the representation of the characters in Grease varies. Sandy is portrayed as a pure and innocent girl but on the other hand Rizzo is portrayed as a bad girl who is always getting into trouble and wont take anything from no one. Also Rizzo is sometimes mean to Sandy but when its to her face she is sweet and kind. This tells me that she is two faced. Also because Sandy is pure and innocent she is not aloud to join the pink ladies (this connotes girly, frilly, happy, lively and/or average girl). Also Danny is portrayed in two different ways. When Danny is with his friends he is a mean typical boy who only cares about himself. But on the other hand Danny completely transforms when he is around Sandy. He becomes a sweet and caring person who Sandy falls in love with. Grease creates suspense because it has so many different storylines and each have a particular ending. For example the will they wont they with Danny and Sandy will end with them getting together. Is Rizo pregnant? Obviously she is not. Also who will win the car race is obvious because they wouldnt create a film that where they lose. So really we expect certain endings in a teen movie. This works because in the time left from the main storyline, it is filled in with other small but prominent storylines which creates many different types of suspense. The bit that are stereotypical are that we know it is going to end like a fairy tale because it will all work out and everyone will live happily ever after. The mis-en-scenes are standard, the shot size varies from a standard to a birds-eye view to an extreme close up etc. the compositions are straight on and the lenses are standard. All of these help to tell the story because it gives it a normal typical high school day and adds effect because if it had abnormal technical analysis then it wouldnt match the genre, because it is a conventional American film. There was nothing really unique about the narrative because it followed all the codes and the technical analysis, so it didnt reinvent certain generic conventions or new narratives. The type of ending closes the film off and also the ending was effective because it was at a funfair, which connotes the idea of fun and happiness and it also denotes a typical end of school party in America. The characters are realistic and are normal people and they are also authentic and believable characters. The mis-en-scenes have al been constructed in a way that tells me that it is an average high school where there are normal students who go through and do everything normal teenagers go through e.g. dates. The locations are an American diner, a drive in, the driving race and the high school, which signifies that these are all the cool spots where the T-birds and The Pink Ladies hang out. There are not a lot of special effects except for when they are in the car chase and the car lifts off the ground and into a puddle when Danny is about to win the race. The women are represented in different ways especially the popular girls aka The Pink Ladies are shown as different people. For example Rizo is shown as a girl who will sleep with anyone; she puts it as getting her kicks while Im still young. Frenchy is a wanabe beauty stylist and ends up dropping out of high school to go to a beauty school, but after failing all her classes she enrolls back into high school, she is opposite to Rizo because she will not sleep with the first boy she sees. There are not a lot of ethnic minorities in Grease, so some could say its a racist film because it only has white people in it and although it is typical of this era there are few people from other countries in it, but they havent got main parts. There were no narratives that were ineffective because its a comedy the hilarity would overwrite any narrative you put with it. The audience would see through it and still think it was funny. The costumes of the characters match the film because back in the 70s they wore big long skirts and people could wear what they wanted without being judged. The men wore leather trousers and the women wore tight tops and big frilly skirts that whilst you were dancing and spinning the skirt would become a circle. The make up has same effect on the characters because not a lot of high school students would wear a lot of make up so they would put make up on but it would look natural. Different characters were shown in different ways. The popular guys and girls were shown always picking on those who were annoying or unpopular but it wasnt shown that much because they were too busy concentrating on themselves, how they looked and how they would solve there problems so it is an average that they didnt care about anyone but themselves and they were effective and had bourgeois (middle class values; they are very normal). The message that these narratives are trying to publicize is that Grease is a film that everyone can enjoy, but like every film it has its problems and also the purpose of the narrative is to make it seem that the film is funny and musical, but it shows teenagers facing problems that all students and people in general face in everyday life. So theres a contrast between the hilarity and the problems that teenagers go through. The genre and narrative connect together in a way that the narrative connotes a mainstream day and the genre connotes the comedy and romance, and this put together makes the film a funny normal film that anyone could enjoy if they wanted to. The soundtrack gave Grease the musical feel that it needed to become the smash hit was. The synchronization of the visual and the sound of Grease are connected in a way that if there were no visual Grease wouldnt be the great film it turned out to be and visa versa, this is a promotional strategy. In conclusion the target audience would have to be everyone because anyone can watch Grease because they will enjoy the storylines and the optimism. The most effective part about Grease is that there are not really any negative bits that cannot be resolved easily, because all round Grease the different storylines have made practically no mistakes in it. The four typicals are settings, tag names, genre, and narrative. The typical settings are the high school and the diners. The typical tag names is a blonde, an exchange student, the grunger, the rebel, the geek, the beautiful girl, the ugly girl, the stupid parents, the teacher and the popular guy. The typical genre is comedy, romance and a teen movie. Finally the typical narrative is Tzvetan Torodovs 5stages of narrative. The main things that I found out bout Grease was that the narrative and the settings were surprisingly good and the best bit of the film is that it is a mix of genre so it suits everybodys needs and the worse thing would have to be settings because all teen movies are always set in America and I personally think that they should set a Grease like film over in England.

Double Negatives in Spanish

Double Negatives in Spanish I cant get no satisfaction. I dont know nobody. You aint seen nothing yet. Because they contain double negatives, the above English sentences are considered substandard (although, of course, people often talk like that in real life). But theres no such prohibition in Spanish. In fact, in many cases, use of double negatives is required. Even triple negatives are possible. Double Negatives in Spanish Double and even triple negatives are not unusual in Spanish even though they are usually considered improper in English.Generally, negative and affirmative elements (such as the equivalents for never and always, respectively) shouldnt be used in the same Spanish sentence.Double-negative Spanish sentences can usually be translated in more than one way, such as I dont know anybody and I know nobody. Double Negatives Not Viewed Negatively in Spanish Grammarians may tell you that English doesnt use double negatives because the two negatives contradict each other and make a positive. (In other words, I dont know nobody is the same as saying I know somebody.) But negatives arent thought of in  that way in Spanish - the negatives are seen as reinforcing rather than contradicting each other. Although sometimes the second negative is used to make a stronger statement just as it is in substandard English, in most cases it is merely part of the structure of the sentence. In Spanish, the most common negative terms in addition to no (no, not) are apenas (barely, scarcely, hardly), jams (never), nadie (nobody), ni (neither, not), ninguno (none, no), ni siquiera (not even), nunca (never), and tampoco (not even, nor, neither). Most of these terms in Spanish have a corresponding affirmative term: algo (something), alguien (somebody), alguno (some), siempre (always), tambià ©n (also), and siquiera (at least). How To Use Double and Triple Negatives As a general rule, a sentence cant include both affirmative and negative terms; where one element of a sentence (subject, verb, object) includes a negative term, the other elements should use a negative term where a term is needed. Also, with the exception of nunca jams (see below), not more than one negative term is used before the verb. By following these rules, it is possible to have one, two, or three negatives in a sentence, as in the following examples: Apenas come. (She barely eats.)Apenas come nada. (She barely eats anything.)No tengo ninguno. (I dont have any.)Nadie sabe eso. (Nobody knows that.)Jams fumo. (I never smoke.)Tampoco comià ³. (She didnt eat either.)Tampoco comià ³ nada. (She didnt eat anything either.)No hablà ³. (He didnt speak.)No dijo nada. (He said nothing.)No le dijo nada a nadie. (He didnt say anything to anybody.)No compro ninguno. (Im not buying any.)Nunca le compra nada a nadie. (She never buys anything for anybody.)No come ni siquiera pan. (He doesnt even eat bread.)Ni siquiera come pan. (He doesnt even eat bread.) Note that in some cases (such as the final two examples in the chart) it is possible to say the same thing in more than one way, with either one negative or two. Generally, that is because in Spanish the subject can come before or after the verb; where a negative subject comes before the verb, a no is not needed with the verb. In this example, ni siquiera no come pan would not be standard Spanish. There generally isnt much difference in meaning between using one negative or two. Note also that various translations to English are possible. Tampoco comià ³ could be translated not only as she didnt eat either but also as neither did she eat. When a verb is used with a negative term, it isnt always necessary to use a negative term after the verb. For example, No tengo amigos (I dont have friends) is grammatically acceptable. What you shouldnt do, though, is use an affirmative term for emphasis. If you want to say I dont have any friends, use a negative term after the verb: No tengo ningà ºn amigo. Other Uses of Double Negatives There are at least two other cases where a double negative is used for added emphasis: Nada as an adverb: When used as an adverb in a negative sentence, nada usually can be translated as at all. No ayuda nada. (He doesnt help at all.)No usa nada los ordenadores. (He doesnt use computers at all.) Nunca jams: When these two negatives meaning never are used together, they reinforce each other. Nunca jams vuelo. (I never, ever fly.)Dijo el cuervo, nunca jams. (Quoth the raven, nevermore.)

Critique of Memo Paris in The Natural by Bernard Malamud Essay

Critique of Memo Paris in The Natural by Bernard Malamud - Essay Example The essay "Critique of Memo Paris in The Natural by Bernard Malamud" talks about one of the major women characters playing a critical role in the novel â€Å"The Natural† by Bernard Malamud. The memo is depicted as a destructive and materialistic seductress. The character depiction is critically important for the overall storytelling experience in the novel in a number of ways. This is particularly because of the author, Bernard Malamud has skillfully used women characters to advance the themes of the story by presenting them as either saviors or destroyers. Memo Paris character as a destructive force is counterbalanced by the character Iris Lemon who is presented as a constructive and life force. This critique argues that the character Memo Paris plays a critical role of a villain and destructive force behind all the novel’s scenes who eventually brings the protagonist’s fall.Throughout the novel, â€Å"natural† villain characters like Memo Paris are used to provide an important thematic setting that stems from a variety of different mythological stories. According to Griffith â€Å"..you can locate the possible themes of a story or novel based on the actions or the behaviors of the major characters†. The character Memo Paris has been particularly used by the author to bring out the despicable and destructive nature of women. This is particularly seen in when Memo ends up playing a critical role in the eventual destruction of Roy’s career.

Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Outsourcing - Research Paper Example Why are they still outsourcing from these suppliers. Are there more fundamental principles that need to be considered? This work will try to answer these questions and other issues in more details. National Express is the largest scheduled coach service provider in Europe. In the UK, distinctive white National Express coaches operate to more than 1,000 destinations and carry over 17 million customers a year. The Euro lines coaches additionally operate to over 500 destinations within Europe and Ireland. National Express coach services also serve the major UK airports with additional dedicated on-airport coach and bus services operated by Air links that are based at Gatwick. They also provide a Hotel Hoppa service, which links major hotels at both Heathrow and Gatwick to the airport terminals. Other dedicated airport operations help to serve British Airports Authority (BAA) and the wider airline community at these increasingly busy locations. National Express Ltd is also part of a leading international transport provider - National Express Group (NEG), which itself has over 45,000 employees. In addition to train and bus companies within the UK including Gatwick Express, one, Midland Mainline and Travel West Midlands their overseas operations include student transportation and public transit in the USA & Canada, the management of Stewart International Airport near New York and bus and coach operations in Spain operated by Alsa. In total the National Express Group now carry over 1 billion passengers a year. National Express outsources 80%of their services from third party with whom they have long term contracts. With a growing competition from many other operators, the abolition by the government of the subsidies of elderly and disable passengers, and the financial austerity, National Express like many other companies is under lot of pressure to provide a good value for money service. The aim of this project is to investigate and

Women’s Changing Role in the Family and Society

Women’s Changing Role in the Family and Society Nicole M. Tortoris Today, women are tipping the balance of power in their favor. Women have gained power because society is becoming more aware of women’s potential, not only as mothers and housewives, but as businesswomen and entrepreneurs (Schoen, Astone, Rothert, Standish, Kim, 2002). The battle of the sexes continues; women are becoming more independent and more preoccupied with their careers. Women’s independence is why they are less dependent on men and men’s financial support, and less willing to start a family for reasons concerning only economic safety. The emancipation of women, which began decades ago, led to a more active and influential presence in the business world, also known as â€Å"a man’s world.† The time to be an obedient housewife and a dedicated mother has passed, while the time for education and profession is present. Women are becoming too busy for large families for whom they must care during their entire youth (Schoen, Astone, Rothert, Stan dish, Kim, 2002). In their study, Schoen, Aston, Rothert, Standish and Kim (2002) investigated whether or not married women’s employment threatens their marriages. They pose a complex three-part hypothesis in which they examine the likelihood of a marriage to end in divorce based on the woman’s employment and the happiness of both or either spouse. They investigated these hypotheses using data from the 1988 and 1992-94 National Survey of Families and Households. In their analysis of this data, the authors consider two theories using the variables role specialization, interdependence, and economic opportunity. The first suggests that a married woman’s employment does pose a threat to her marriage; however, the second argues that in itself, the wife’s work does not endanger her marriage, but would allow her to leave if she were unhappy with the marriage. The authors’ findings support the second theory, that a working woman would be more likely to leave an unhappy marri age. The risk of divorce for a full time employed wife when both partners are unhappy is 4.94 times greater than not getting a divorce, p Women’s fuller participation in the decision-making processes of our social institutions has shattered stereotypes that tended to limit females to feminine activities and pushed males into male activities (Heslin, 2007). As structural barriers continue to fall and more activities are degendered, both males and females will be freer to pursue activities that are more compatible with their individual abilities and desires instead of society’s prescribed roles. As stereotypes continue to be broken, new role models develop and socialization of children changes. Males and females will gain new perceptions of themselves and of one another. Sociologist Janet Chafetz (1974) conducted a qualitative longitudinal study utilizing focus groups, (based in large part on small class project by her students). In this study, Chafetz identifies 16 acceptable behaviors, eight for men and eight for women. Each of these themes focused on specific behaviors that are considered acceptable for men and women. This study’s findings were more useful in determining acceptable behaviors for men and women, and efforts to understand how far both men and women have advanced in terms of acceptable behaviors. This study was also useful because it looked at behaviors instead of stereotypes. In an attempt to take a new approach to this area of study, this study coded specific sex-typed behaviors, instead of using stereotypes, to assess gender in commercials. Chafetz (1974) explained that this change will allow men and women to express needs and emotions that traditional social arrangements denied them. Women and girls will likely perceive themselves as more in control of their lives, more assertive, and striving more for positions of leadership. With these roles changing, men and women will also develop a new consciousness of their capacities and their options, which will change relationships among men and women. Offen (1990) predicted that if current trends continue, American society may see a growing appreciation of sexual differences coupled with greater equality of opportunity. This has the potential of transforming society. According to Rogers and Amato (2000), there have been fundamental changes to gender relations. Since the 1960s, both men and women have become less traditional in their gender-role attitudes. Judge and Livingston (2008) examined the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a panel study administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample was a nationally representative sample of 12,686 individuals between the ages of 14 and 22 years of age when the participants were first surveyed in 1979. Individuals were surveyed annually through 1994 and then interviewed on a biennial basis through to 2005. F rom the original sample, 60.4% of participants remained in the study. Judge and Livingston (2008) found that women have a more egalitarian orientation than men do (B=-.361, p Kulik (2002) analyzed 232 Israeli retirees aged 58 to 85 years to compare the differences between husbands and wives and their views on marital satisfaction. The results of this comparison suggest that gender may have implications for those couples who are at similar life stages versus those who are not. Participants in the study were asked to complete a 20 minute questionnaire. Research assistants made sure the couples filled out the questionnaire separately. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were differences between husbands and wives with respect to marital satisfaction and gender role ideology, power relations, and division of family roles. Wives reported a lower level of marital satisfaction than their husbands F(2,103)=7.45,p In Kulik’s 1999 study of 348 men, 137 were pre-retired (up to 18 months prior to retirement) and 211 had been retired from 2 to 10 years. MANOVA revealed significant differences between pre-retired and retired husbands in gender role ideology (F [2,324] = 6.25, p Several potential explanations for a gendered division of household labor have been posited (Blair Lichter, 1991). One explanation suggests that household responsibilities continue to be shouldered by women because women are socialized to adopt this as part of their identity as a woman. Therefore, many women may discourage help from their husbands because this challenges their self-identity. Recognizing that husbands contribute more to household duties upon retirement (Atchley, 1992), regardless of their wives’ employment status, may suggest a potential source of conflict as men encroach upon what has traditionally been accepted as a â€Å"woman’s domain.† This may be an issue that is more pronounced for individuals in age discrepant relationships who transition into retirement at different times. Although Kuliks (1999; 2001) results do not suggest that age discrepancy may exacerbate potential sources of conflict that couples in age-similar marriages have alread y confronted and resolved, it is important to recognize that no specific data regarding age similarity between partners was provided. Moreover, Kuliks (2001) study focused on Israeli couples who were in dual-earner marriages. As a result, the potential impact of culture may fail to extend to American couples. Kurdek (1998) provides further support for the link between gendered divisions of household labor and gender socialization. Kurdek examined the relation among division of household labor, gender role orientation, and marital satisfaction. The link between gender role orientation and division of household labor were consistent with Kulik’s (1999; 2001) findings. Although the women in Kulik’s sample shouldered more of the household responsibilities than men, the division of household labor was not significantly related to marital satisfaction. According to Kulik, this may be because an inequitable division of household labor is consistent with traditional views regarding the roles of men and women and is therefore congruent with the expectations of both husbands and wives. Ward’s (1993) study provides additional insight regarding the relation between marital satisfaction and the division of household labor. Unlike Kurdek (1998), Ward’s study provided evidence supporting the link between the division of household labor and marital satisfaction for wives, but not husbands. Ward analyzed the National Survey of Families and Households, which conducted interviews with a national probability sample of 13,017 participants. According to Ward, unequal divisions of household labor are not responsible for gender differences in marital satisfaction. The link to marital satisfaction is based on whether wives consider these labor divisions to be fair. Ward used multivariate analyses to investigate the predictors of perceived fairness in household labor and marital happiness. According to his findings, women participate in household tasks more often than men do (means: women=37, men=15, p=.0001). Perceived fairness of household chores appeared to be rel ated to marital happiness. For women, unfairness to self is related to lower happiness, χ2 (1, N=538) =38.4, p Several studies have linked gender role ideologies to the division of household labor (Kurdek, 1998; Gerson 2004; Mannino Deutsch, 2007; Mickelson, Claffey, Williams 2006; Robinson Hunter, 2008), yet the impact of aging on attitudes toward sex roles remains unclear (Kulik, 1999). Inglehart, Norris, and Welzel (2003) found evidence that younger adults displayed more modern gender role ideologies when compared to older adults. Inglehar, Norris, and Welzel (2003) note that the differences between younger and older couples may reflect differences in socialization related to cohort. As a result, couples who are age discrepant may be more likely to experience conflicts related to the impact of cohort differences on attitudes toward sex roles. However, Burke and Cast (1997) note that newlyweds who have a newborn during the first year of marriage experience changes in gender identity that accompany gender role taking. According to Burke and Cast, gender-role-taking yields more congruency between partners with regard to gender identity. The implications of Burke and Castâ⠂¬â„¢s study indicate that retirement may present the same opportunity for gender role taking among age discrepant marriages that the birth of a child does for newlyweds. These are issues that have yet to be examined among older couples and age discrepant marriages in particular. Researchers have attempted to explore power, decision-making, and relationship satisfaction differences between males and females for years. There appears to be some sex difference in the levels of satisfaction within marriages. For example, there seems to be a difference in relationship satisfaction based on gender roles and ideologies (Mickelson, Claffey, Williams, 2006; Sprecher, 2001). One predictor of relationship satisfaction may be equal participation in household work. Many women perceive the contribution by their partner, however limited, as an expression of love or support (Pina Bengtson, 1993). Similarly, other studies suggest that balanced roles in relation to equal division of household labor (Mickelson, Claffey, Williams, 2006; Rachlin, 1987) and equal contributions to child-rearing (Coltrane, 2000; Dempsey, 2002; Yogman Bragelton, 1986) led to higher levels of relationship satisfaction. Tsang and colleagues (2003) and Marks and colleagues (2001) also concluded that when both spouses were employed full-time, relationship satisfaction was increased (Marks, Huston, Johnson, Macdermid, 2001; Tsang, Harvey, Duncan, Sommer, 2003). REFERENCES Amato, P., Johnson, D., Booth, A., Rogers, S. (2003). Continuity and change in mariatl quarily between 1980 and 2000. Journal of Marriage and the Family , pp. 1-22. Atchely, R. (1993). Retirement and marial satisfaction. In M. Szinovacz, D. Ekerdt, B. Vinick, Families and Retirement (pp. 145-158). Newbury Park, California: Sage. Blair, S., Lichter, D. (1991). Measuring the dividion of household labor. Journal of Family Issues , 12, 91-113. Burke, P., Cast, A. (1997). Stability and change int he gender identieies of newly married couples. Social Psychology Quarterly , 60, 277-290. Chafetz, J.S. (1974). Masculine/feminine or human? An overview of the sociologt of sex roles. Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock. Chafetz, J.S. (1990). Gender equaily: An intergrated theory of stability and change. Newburry Park, CA: Sage Publications. Gerson, K. (2004). Understanding work and family through a gender lens. Community, Work and Family , 7 (2), 163-178. Grote, N., Clark, M. (2001). Perceiving unfairness in the family: Cause or consequece of marital distress? Journal of Personaility and Social Psychology , 80 (2), pp. 281-293. Henslin, J. (2007). Sociology: A down-to- earth approach (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Inglehart, R., Norris, P., and Welzel, C. (2003). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology , 1 (3-4), pp. 321-346. Judge, T. A., and Livingston, B. A.. Is the gap more than gender? A longitudinal analysis of gender, gender role orientation, and earnings. Journal of Applied Psychology 93.5 (2008): 994-1012. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. Kulik, L.(1998). The effect of gender and social environment on gender role perceptions and sex identity: A comparative study of kibbutz and urban adolescence in Israel.Journal of Community Psychology, 30(6), 533-548. Kulik, L. (1999, May-June). Continuity and discontinuity in marital life after retirement: Life orientations, gender role ideology, intimacy, and satisfaction. The Journal of Contemporary Human Services , 286-294. Kulik, L.(2001). The impact of men’s and women’s retirement on marital relations: A comparative analysis. Journal of Women and Aging, 13(2), 21-37. Kulik, L.(2002). Marital equality and the quality of long term marriage in later life.Ageing and Society, 22,459-481. Kurdek, L. (1998). The allocation of household labor in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples. In D. Anselmi, A. Law, Questions of gender: Perspectives and paradoxes (pp. 582-591). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Mannino, C., Deutsch, F. (2007). Changing the dividion of houselold labor: A negotiated process between partners. Rex Roles , 56, pp. 309-324. Marks, S., Huston, T., Johnson, E., MacDermid, S. (2001). Role balance among white married couples. Journal of Marriage and Family , 63, 1083-1098. Mickelson, K., Claffey, S., Williams, S. (2006). The moderating role of gender and gender role attitudes on the link between spousal support and marital quailty. Rex Roles , 55 (73), 81-91. Offen, K. (1990). Feminism and sexual difference in histroical perpective. In D. Rhode, Theortical perspectives on sexual differences (pp. 13-20). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Schoen, R., Astone, N., Rothert, K., Standish, N., Kim, Y. (2002). Womens employment, marital happiness, and divorce. Social Forces , 81 (2), 643-663. Tsang, L., Harvey, C., Duncan, K., Sommer, R. (2003). The effect of children on marital happiness: Evidence from a longitudinal sample. Journal of Family and Economic Issues , 24, 5-26. Ward, R. (1993). Marital happiness adn houshold equilty in later life. Journal of Marriage Family , 55, 427-438.

Personnel Five-Year Development Plan: How to Be a Qualified Accountant

Personnel Five-Year Development Plan: How to be a qualified accountant Xingyi Wu 1591926 Personnel Administration V3 Dr. Bahareh Assadi March 07 , 2013 Personnel Five-Year Development Plan: How to be a qualified accountant In the modern society, the developing speed of economy is very fast, which means the world is becoming a business world. As a result of this trend, the role of financial management is getting more and more important.That is why more and more people and companies require accountants with good accounting skills, especially in Canada, in which the tax is so complicated that almost all the peolple need an accountant to take responsbility for their tax. Career goals and objectives There are many successful accountants in the world. For example: Daryl Ritchie, CEO of Meyers Norris Penny LLP, got his start in 1978 as an articling student at the firm,and because of Ritchie’s hard work in 20 years, Ritchie was promoted to CEO and has since led the firm in leadership and growth.Another good instance is Bill Thomas, who is the CEO and Senior Partner of KPMG Canada, started his career with a bachelor of Science from the University of British Columbia in 1989. Thomas began at KPMG in 1990 in Audit practice. Quickly recognized, Thomas soon after moved up to become Audit Leader. Appointed to CEO in 2009, Thomas is now head of the 4,500 employee company(Kristin, 2011). These people are the final goals and objectives to most of the accountants, so do I. My terminal goals and objectives are to be a qualified accountant.I will work in an accounting firm at the beginning time, and after having lots of experience and many clients, I will set up my own accounting firm, that is the ultimate goal and objective in my career. The possible opportunities for career growth In the business world, the importance of accounting has been promoted in recent years. To companies, accountants are essential. They are trained in accounting and are taught to measure, establis h and maintain financial records of great accuracy for companies or individuals, records that have great value for managers, tax authorities and investors.In any business the accountant plays an important role and has many duties. Accountants are responsible for evaluating records provided by the book keepers in order to establish whether the business is progressing or not, and where it lacks improvement. Accountants record financial transactions that take place within the company and prepare financial statements. The most important role of accountants is predicting the cost effectiveness of company strategies and help the overall development of any business through knowledge and technical skill.They are key to the success of any organization, working hand in hand with those who run it(Nacpaf, 2012). To individuals, as I mentioned before, in Canada, almost everyone needs an accountant to help themselves to clarify the items and details of the financial statement, otherwise, they may pay a high price for their financial behaviour because of the strict and complicated tax law in Canada. Considering these two reasons, to set up my own accounting firm has a good prospect. Besides, this business action must have a large number of clients and a huge amount of potential clients, due to this, this action can ensure a very high profit.Therefore, it is a good choice for people who want to be successful. The inventory of current skills, abilities, training, and education It is not very easy to be a qualified accountant. First of all, this person should be good at math and calculating, because being an accountant, this person has to deal with a large amount of numbers. Secondly, this person should be smart enough so that he can try his best to reduce the clients' tax and not break the tax law at the same time.Finally, this person should have abundant knowledge in accounting area. However, there is no company will waste their time on testing whether this person is qualifie d or not, considering of this, this person had better has passed CGA exam. A CGA is an accounting professional with expertise in finance, taxation, business strategy, auditing, management, and business leadership. CGAs must meet the education, experience and examination requirements established, and regularly enhanced, by CGA-Canada(Wikipedia, 2013).After passing all the courses which CGA requires, this person will be qualified enough to do an accounting job. Job satisfaction attributes What attribute people to have an accounting job? For the first reason, getting an accounting job can offer people a stable salary. Some people are not interested in the jobs which are very flexible, they prefer to do things followed some laws or rules, they do not need to think about how they should do this thing, they should only care about what they should do.For the second reason, to have an accounting job is really more than getting a job. People use accounting in their daily lives when they stud y financial statements to make investment decisions, assess interest rates to pay off their house mortgages, and calculate rates for car payment. The last reason is that this job is comparably easy. Firstly, people do not have to work day and night. Secondly, people can even work at home instead of going to their work place. Thirdly, this job is very safe, people won't risk their lives when doing this work.Three action steps to reach the stated career goals and objectives For the first 2 years, the most important thing is collecting the accounting knowledge, starting learning CGA courses and passing the CGA exam. This is also the fundamental period during one's accounting career. A good beginning is half the success. For the following 2 years, after graduating from university, I will enter a small accounting firm. Because of lacking in the accounting experience, probably the big accounting firms will not hire people who just graduate from university.However, as a CGA, to find a job in a small company is not very hard. I will spend these 2 years to accumulate work experience, save money and try to know lots of clients to lay the foundation for setting up my own accounting firm. For the fifth year, after having enough funds and clients, I will set up my own company. This is the ultimate goal and objective in my career. I believe this step will be a milestone in my career life. Potential barriers To be a qualified accountant is a very long and hard period for an international student.For one thing, as I come from China, there are sigificant differences between Canadian and Asian universities, especially when it comes to accounting education. These differences, in conjunction with differences in cognitive and linguistic patterns, constitute formidable barriers that initially prevent successful participation in the Canadian accounting courses(Mary, Matthew& Panadda, 1999). For another, even if Asian students have studied English for a long time or have passed some basic English tests, the language is still the biggest problem during their study time.What is more challenging for Asian students is that they have adapted to their own country's tax law. However, in Canada, they have to learn a totally new tax law in their second language, which is also a intractable trouble for them. Conclusion Being an accountant has many advantages. For instance, people can get a stable salary from this job, they don't have to day and night. Besides, accounting offres people an absolutely good potencial opportunity in business. Therefore, if they can overcome the barriers mentioned before, it's really a good choice to start an accounting firm. ReferencesKristin, Craik. (2011). Canada's Best Accountants. Retrieved from http://www. businessreviewcanada. ca/money_matters/canadas-best-accountants Nacpaf. (2012). Accountants in the company. Retrieved from http://www. nacpaf. com/role-of-accountatns-in-a-company. html Wikipedia. (2013). Certified General Accountant. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant Mary, Beaven. , Matthew, Calderisi. , & Panadda Tantral. (1999). Barriers to Learning Experienced by Asian Students in American Accounting Classes. Retrieved from http://www. fdu. edu/newspubs/barriers. html

HRD Sample

Drawing from theories and models that inform adults and organisational learning, critically evaluate an HRD program or intervention that you deliver or have personally experienced. Introduction This essay looks into a learning program which was personally delivered. It aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the program by drawing upon relevant theories and models revolving around adult and organisational learning.Theories are used to substantiate the step by step processes undertaken in the program as well as to critique the areas which could have been performed better or were carried out uccessfully by the program coordinators. This essay is told from the perspective of a facilitator's role in which I was primarily involved in. At the end of this essay, we hope to understand how a successful HRD learning program should be run and what factors significantly influence its success.Learning Program The selected program used throughout this essay as a case study is the ‘C ombat Medical NSmen Ops Refresher Training. The program involved me as one of the key facilitators which was conducted during my national service time. The objective was to ensure the competence of the National Service (NS) men in carrying out their edical responsibilities and performing up to expectations when the time arises for them to do so in future. This was carried out by first refreshing the NSmen's theoretical knowledge of specific medical subject matter, i. . various emergency surgical procedures, that was taught during their NS days. Typically conducted annually, the refresher training would see the NSmen undergoing classroom learning followed by a practical hands-on session of role playing, after which they would be tested under a controlled, simulated setting as a form of learning assessment. The refresher training was a one-day program carried out in the compounds of the Singapore Armed Forces Medical Training Institute (SMTI).The facilitators comprised of regular seni or medical officers and fulltime national servicemen (NSFs), of whom I was one of them. The seniors acted as supervisors while the NSFs were more primarily involved in running the program on the ground. Teaching and demonstrations were conducted by NSFs while assessment was done by the senior officers. The age group of the NSmen participants ranged from 30 to 40 years old, thus the target audience was specific to older adult learners who were most likely married or some even fathers.The program was catered to a batch group of 20 NSmen with 2 facilitators assigned. The four stages of HRD HRD is an ongoing learning process involving training and development activities which seek to groom individuals' skills for the purpose of enhancing organisational productivity (Swanson & Holton 2 ) Adult learning talls within the HRD learning process. Knowles (1998) mentioned that adults tend to follow andragogical assumptions of learning such that firstly, the learning should have practical value for applying in real-life situations and problems.Next is for the learning to utilise the knowledge inherent in the adult and lastly it should actively engage him/her. All hese are reflected in the medical refresher program and will be explained through a series of four step by step stages namely the needs investigation, design, implementation and evaluation stages. HRD Needs Investigation (HRDNI) HRDNI refers to the process of identifying how much is known by the participants prior to the program against what is expected of them to know based on the learning objectives set out (Tovey & Lawlor 2008; Rothwell & Kazanas 1989).It represents an organized way to determine if a HRD solution is needed in the first place. It helps identify the content and learning objectives, the population, resources required, as ell as context and organisational politics. Behind every successful HRD learning program is a good HRDNI carried out in the beginning. The refresher program showed that HRDNI was conducted successfully as clear learning objectives, competencies and learning outcomes were established (Delahaye 2011). The needs were determined through the two levels of HRDNI: surveillance and investigation (Delahaye 2011).Program coordinators had long been monitoring how competent NSmen were in carrying out their medical duties upon completion of their NS time. Through the observation of several past reservists' in-camp trainings where these NSmen were required to demonstrate their medical proficiency in a simulated battlefield environment, their quality and competencies were analysed. Data was gathered through the means of organisational records and observations (Delahaye 2011). It was found that most NSmen were unable to remember much of what they had learnt during their NS days and thus, lacked in several key competencies.One of which was the ability to remember the medical apparatus to be used in assisting the surgeon in the surgical procedures. Thus, as a result of HRDNI, the ‘Combat Medical NSmen Ops Refresher Training learning program came about as form of HRD ntervention. Its aim was to keep NSmen constantly up to date with their medical roles so that when a real emergency breaks out in Singapore, they would be ready for it. Although the need for refresher training was correctly identified by program coordinators, the HRDNI could have been more specific to seek the opinions of the participants as well.Conducting such a program meant that more time, be it for work or family, had to be sacrificed by the working adults so that they could attend. Moreover, not all might feel the need for the refresher as they might be confident of their own knowledge. Thus one investigatory method to gather their opinions would be through holding an online survey questionnaire weeks before the commencement of the program. The questionnaire could ask them for their current level of knowledge and ask if the refresher would be effectively catering to their needs, also for their level of interest in participation.Curriculum Design This is the second stage once HRDNI nas been completed Curriculum represents tn systematic process of putting the learner through action (Smith & Lovat 2003). This stage involves matching the learning structure to the characteristics of the adult learners (Delahaye 2011). To do this, constructive alignment needs to take place. This means that the expected actions the learner has to emulate based on the learning objectives must be coherent with the teaching and assessment style (Biggs & Tang 2007).The refresher program was successful in achieving constructive alignment as the objective to instil confidence in the NSmen to showcase their medical proficiency in carrying out the surgical procedures was well reflected by the practical role- playing sessions demonstrated and taught by the facilitators. The design structure of the refresher program followed closely to Delahaye's (2011) Hierarchy of Learning Outcomes (HLO) model. The model emphasizes the progression from explicit to tacit knowledge and this was seen in the program as facilitators made use of instrumental to communicative learning.The program outlined movements from basic to intermediate to complex, Just as how HLO mentions in its five categories of programmed knowledge, task, relationship, critical thinking and meta-abilities. The refresher program started off with programmed knowledge which was in the form of classroom-based learning to provide the factual and theoretical knowledge to the NSmen. It then moved into task where they were required to be analytical in a role- laying scenario. That involved a linear, diagnostic and complex analysis which in short, refers to using simple information-processing, interpretation, problem solving and decision making skills.The role-playing session incorporated discussions and effective team play as well, which in turn worked on a relationship level of interpersonal communication between partici pants. The program ended off with action learning where participants were encouraged to use mental agility under the meta-abilities category to be able to think clearly under pressure, when performing their learning assessment in a controlled environmental setting. The HLO progression was mapped in accordance to the learning characteristics of the NSmen participants.Facilitators took into consideration that because the participants were older learners, the learning environment created was a similar aged batch of between 30 and 40 years old so that they would feel more comfortable and safe (Delahaye ; Ehrich 2008). Older learners tend to be involved in complex learning, occasionally switching from being dependent to independent learners and thus passively seeking and actively seeking knowledge, respectively. Hence, the design of the refresher program ensured a combination of various learning trategies to meet to these adult learners' characteristics.These strategies will be covered u nder the implementation stage later. It was indeed a good initiative by the facilitators to find out the basic characteristics of their adult learners and thus used HLO as a step by step process to teach them. However, there is room for improvement. All adult learners have different learning styles and so a good HR designer would pay close attention to finding out what styles their participants fall under. This can be done by issuing out a learning style questionnaire which will seek o determine if a participant is a reflector, theorist, pragmatist or activist (Honey & Mumford 1992).Each learning style will differently influence the way an individual learns, and so will impact the design ot a learning program. However, an individual may also have at times a combination of both styles. Thus, a good designer should strive to integrate all four styles in any learning program. Implementation This third stage of the HRD process covers the skills required of a HR developer who is also kno wn as the facilitator. In other words, this section analyses how effective or killed the facilitators are in conducting the learning program, based on the participants' level of engagement.It also covers the various learning strategies used. As one of the facilitators of the refresher program, I exhibited strong micro-skills of questioning and responding, and a high level of enthusiasm, channelling the energy positively to the participants. Delahaye (2011) pointed out that such skills are important in the delivery of a learning program, but are often overlooked by HR developers. Feldman (2007) agrees that with greater enthusiasm demonstrated, the higher are the chances of learner accomplishment. As for the learning strategy, a structured style was used in the beginning stage of the refresher program.This took the form of lecture-style learning. Delahaye (2011) regards lecture as structured due to the teacher-student controlled form where the teacher assumes full responsibility over the learning of the student and controls what and how the student will learn. Facilitators conducting the lecture used PowerPoint presentation to recap the relevant theoretical knowledge of the emergency surgical procedures. The slides included detailed photographs showing how each procedure was to be carried out step by step. This was complemented with a set of the hardcopy handout slides so that the NSmen could write notes throughout.On top of that, the whiteboard was used simultaneously by the facilitator to Jot down the key points of the presentation. This ensured an appropriate usage of visual aids to appeal to the adult learners (Delahaye 2011). The lecture-style teaching made use of instrumental learning, one of the three transformational adult learning domains (Mezirow 2009). Instrumental allows learning to be controlled and can manoeuvre the environment. Under it is the knowledge generation process of combination which sees a transfer of explicit to ven more complex explici t knowledge (Nonaka ; von Krogh 2009).The PowerPoint presentation, for instance, got the NSmen to combine the explicit knowledge they were looking at and listening to with their own explicit knowledge, thus leading into a process of re-sorting and re-understanding of their inherent knowledge. Another point to make was that sufficient breaks were given throughout the lecture presentation so as to space out the learning and carry out part learning so that participants could digest the information better, especially since older learners dislike having big chunks of information (Grattan 1955; Miller 1956).These were some of the principles of learning highlighted during the structured strategy. Subsequently, in the refresher program, the learning strategy shifted from structured to semi-structured. After the theoretical bit was covered, facilitators proceeded onto the practical, hands-on session. The knowledge Just learnt or recapped was to be applied on mannequins which acted as causali ties. Here, the actual whole tray of medical apparatus needed for the surgical procedures is introduced to the NSmen participants, after seeing pictures of them in the PowerPoint slides and the hardcopy andouts.Participants were divided into 4 groups ot 5 in which each group nad a mannequin and a set of tools to work with. Each facilitator was assigned to 2 groups to firstly demonstrate the correct techniques and steps to perform the emergency surgical procedures, using the apparatus provided. Participants observed carefully to learn the steps that they would later be tested, in what was actually known as modelling, one of the 3 basic types of learning. Modelling refers to copying an action after observing how it is done (Bandura 1977; Gardner et al. 1981).Facilitators of the efresher program aimed to see an exchange of tacit to tacit knowledge between the participants and themselves in a socialisation process. This was achieved through the modelling learning behaviour. The semi-str uctured strategy using the mannequins was a form of role-playing as within each group, participants took turns to role play as surgeons and assistants to the surgeons. This role-playing also helped to strengthen the HLO in areas of forging better interpersonal relationships and the use of group processes, Just to name a few (Delahaye 2011).On a separate point, ole-playing illustrates that the NSmen participants also underwent communicative learning, which is known to be a learner's effort to relate to another to understand each other's viewpoints (Mezirow 2000). Evaluation This last stage of the HRD process signifies the importance for proper assessment methods. The evaluation technique that was used for the ‘Combat Medical NSmen Ops Refresher Training program was the assessment of learning.This assessment, as stressed by Delahaye (201 1), paves the way for measuring the effectiveness of the learning program, allowing the examiners to gauge how useful the program had een for t he participants as well as to see if the learning objectives set out from the start had been met in the end. In addition, assessment offers feedback for both the adult learner and HR developer. Through it, they can identify their strengths and weaknesses so that they can make necessary amendments to make their learning processes more effective in future.Out of the six types of assessment of learning methods available, the refresher program used performance tests, which proved to be the most suitable form of evaluation due to the complex nature of the program (Delahaye 2011). Following on after the role-playing session of using the mannequins and medical tools, the NSmen participants were made to undergo a performance test in the outdoors open field which simulated an actual situation of what it would likely be in an actual war zone battlefield environment where the NSmen would encounter multiple casualties suffering from different kinds of wounds and war injuries.They would be requi red to think on their feet using mental agility, under a stressful environment, of which of the following emergency surgical procedures learnt would be best used for treatments. As said by Delahaye (201 1), performance tests need to be conducted by highly skilled trainers whose evaluation makes use of their tacit knowledge. Thus, the assessment of the program was a success as it brought in the senior medical officers, who have years of experience in the field, to evaluate the performances of the NSmen. This also served to be a non-biased evaluation as the seniors were not involved in running the on ground training.In evaluation, a pre- designed evaluation criteria form was used by the senior officers so as to quantify the observed results (Thorndike 2007). The results were then snowed to the NSmen articipants during the program debrief. The outcome of the performance test showed a match to the adult learners' HLO, identified in the curriculum design stage, in the categories of progr ammed knowledge; and task and relationship. It also successfully tested the learners' action learning process of critical thinking and meta- abilities.Conclusion This essay has looked at the ‘Combat Medical NSmen Ops Refresher Training' as a learning program which served as an HRD intervention based on the needs investigation conducted. It found that a refresher program would be beneficial to the NSmen in helping them to familiarise with the medical proficiency knowledge they are required to demonstrate in their annual reservist in-camp trainings. This essay thus went on to elaborate the four stages involved in influencing this successful HRD learning program using theories primarily from adult learning.Following on from a thorough HRDNI, the design of the program saw that a necessary constructive alignment was made between the teaching style and the characteristics of the adult learners. The HLO model was used in this stage. As for the implementation, the acilitators of the p rogram demonstrated strong micro-skills as well as using structured and semi-structured learning strategies through a PowerPoint presentation and role-playing session which reflected on instrumental and communicative learning for the adult learners, respectively.The final stage was the evaluation of the program in which a performance test was carried out as a specific assessment of learning method. Word Count: 2566 Reference List Bandura, A 1977, Social learning theory, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Biggs, JB & Tang, C 2007, Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, 3rd edn, Open University Press, Maidenhead. Delahaye, B & Ehrich, L 2008, ‘Complex learning preferences and strategies of older adults', Educational Gerontology, vol. 34, pp. 649- 662, viewed 30 August 2012, Emerald Database.Delahaye, B 2011, Human resource development: managing learning and knowledge capital, 3rd edn, Tilde University Press, Prahran Australia. Feldman, KA 2007, ‘Identi fying exemplary teachers and teaching: evidence from students' ratings', Perry, RP ; Smart, JC (eds. ), The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: an evidence-based perspective, Springer, AA Dordrecht, Netherlands. Gardner, G, Innes, JM, Forgas, JP, O'Driscoll, M, Pearce, PL & Newton, JW 1981, Social psychology, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Grattan, CH 1995, In quest of knowledge: a historical perspective on adult education, Association Press, New York. Honey, P & Mumford, A 1992, The manual of learning styles, Peter Honey, Maidenhead, I-JK. Knowles, MS 1998, The adult learner: a neglected species, 5th edn, Gulf, Houston. Long, HB 2002, Teaching for learning, Malabar, Florida, Krieger. Mezirow,J 2000, ‘Learning to think like an adult: core concepts of adult learning theory, in Mezirow, J (ed. ), Learning as transformation: ritical perspectives on a theory in progress, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Mezirow,J 2009, ‘Transformative learning theory, in Mezirow, J & Taylor, EW (eds. ), Transformational learning in practice: insights from community, workplace and higher education, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. M GA 1956, ‘The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information', Psychological Review, vol. 63, pp. 81-97, viewed 30 August 2012, Emerald Database. Nonaka, I & von Krogh, G 2009, ‘Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation', Organization Science, vol. 0, no. 3, pp. 35-652, viewed 28 August 2012, Proquest Database. Rothwell, W] & Kazanas, HC 1989, Strategic human resource development, 4th edn, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Smith, DL & Lovat, TJ 2003, Curriculum: action on reflection, 4th edn, Social Science Press, Tuggerah, NSW. Swanson, RA & Holton, EF 2001 , Foundations of Human Resource Development, Berrett-koehler, San Francisco. Thorndike, RM 2007, Measurement and evaluation in psychology and educatio n, 7th edn, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Tovey, MD & Lawlor, DR 2008, Training in Australia, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW.