Reserach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reserach - Essay Example This occurs when the given researchers become more curious in establishing or increasing one’s knowledge and understanding the given topic. Exploration also assists an academic research to unveil new or related but undisclosed facts about the given field of study. Research also helps in description of phenomenon not known or well understood by particular individuals. Descriptive research tell clarifies the orientation of facts about particular field and their significance in the given field of study additionally, research helps in explanation of concepts by answering questions such as how, when, what and where. Effectiveness of nay research relies on its validity and the underlying purpose of the given research. Effective research should answer or present viable solution to certain definitive and real problems faced in particular field of study. Researches have common characteristics underscored from the terms used during collection to presentation of data. Data in a research work refers to the investigated and unprocessed information. Data collection refers to the process of exploring, investigating and recording of information during research. Data collection may involve various activities like sampling, experimentation, questioning, interviewing and case studying. Data analysis involves synthesis of the gathered information to produce viable and reliable conclusion about the study. Sampling in research involves selection or taking part of the research sample to move and accomplish the investigation. Experimentation in a research work entails organization and carrying of experiments using the collected samples. Experimentation is a common procedure in accomplishing scientific researches and usually carried in science laboratories. Case study is a common research technique employed when investigating business organizations and processes. Case study focuses on the business’ organization, leadership, marketing

Libyan Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Libyan Revolution - Essay Example Through the end of the paper, the reasons of the tyrant leader behind the desire to stay in power are tackled and the implications the regime has brought to Libya and the possible dreadful effects if the current tyrant leader will remain. Qaddafi’s Failure Libya’s leader for more than four decades, Muammar Qaddafi, has failed to protect its people. Under the emergent international law, it is the duty of a nation’s leader to protect its people at all costs. As a leader, it is a responsibility to serve the country and the people in it without self-vested interests. Unfortunately, Qaddafi failed in all these. (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2011/0223/Libya-corruption-cult-of-personality-drive-Qaddafi-s-grip-on-power-WikiLeaks-cable) Before entering Benghazi, Qaddafi vowed that he will show no mercy to those people who express negative thoughts about the tyrant regime. Reports show a number of unmerciful executions, indiscriminate shootings and rap es. He called the military action to put an end to these revolts. The actions of this regime are unbecoming for Surname 3 someone who is supposed to protect its people. A huge picture of injustice is vividly present in the soil of Libya. As a result, a massive uprising has started. He ignited the fire that’s burning in the hearts of his people to unite themselves and hold such upheaval against his tyranny. The world has witnessed tremendous change in the minds of a Muslim world. The rejection of Al-Qaeda’s preaching and the act of embracing the ideals of freedom that republic countries highly cherish are visible now in the actions of the Libyan citizens. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/libyan-forces-fire-on-mourners-at-funeral-again-as-death-toll-rises-to-more-than-200/story-e6freuy9-1226009324524 Corruption in Libya is also widespread. According to the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index in 2009, Libya ranked a130th of 180 countries. (United Nations, 2010) The Qaddafi government’s integrity has been undermined by favouritism that is based on connections – family and personal. The Qaddafi clan is exercising a near-full control of the major government decisions. See table below Surname 4 The wealth that the Qaddafi clan has accumulated through the assistance of international corporations in the years of the leader’s regime helped ensure his control of Libya. The tens of billions of dollars is said to be the source of payment to his soldiers, mercenaries and allies that help him to stay in power or at least delay his removal form his position. (Unknown, 2011, p 65) This clearly shows how corrupt the Qaddafi government is and one the many grounds for his removal. The Qaddafi government has exploited not only the business sector that is willing to do business with him but also the willing governments. Banks in Libya have gathered profitable fees by helping Iran launder massive sums of wealth in violation of the international sanction sin Tehran. Staying in Power Shutting down communications, refusal of foreign press and killing protesters are some of the ways of the dictator, Qaddafi, in order to sustain power over Libya. Just like any other dictator, Qaddafi would like to stay in power. Hundreds of supporters have offered themselves to be his human shield in case of bombings inside the Qaddafi compound. Supporters say that they are one with the leader and if someone tries to shoot

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas Public sphere, according to Habermas, is a democracy approach in which different groups of people coming together to share their opinion towards social and political issues (Lubenow, 2012). Harbermes point of view was based on the concept of deliberative democracy. To him, democracy is achieved through the involvement of public into the political system. Habermess concept was force moving towards communicative power in democracy terms. Habermas s idea (as cited in Lubenow, 2012) communicated that the public sphere is an interactive structure which make-up by the state, the political system, and also the private sectors in this civil society. Thus, the function of public sphere is to provide a social platform where public opinion is heard. Added, the public sphere play the role of articulating public opinion which involves integrate themes, arguments and contributions, and to carried the voice of the public in discussing the issue faced by the current civil society and to generate res olution as well as to aid in decision making processes (Lubenow, 2012). Generally, the Habermasian idea on democracy is based on the central of public sphere. In simple words, public sphere is an open platform for each and every citizen to discuss and share their view on political issue in equal chances and status (Maia, 2007). The concept of public sphere emerges from two perspectives. The historical perspective which means a lots of different individual persons assembles to form a public to debate political issue or matters of common interest. Besides that, the public sphere is described from a normative perspective. This sphere constitute to a new source of power legitimation through rational and critical debates. This highlighted that democracy is a new form of domination which members need to give acknowledgement to the norms and decisions made (Maia, 2007). However, there were some later theories that developed as advancement in explaining the public sphere. For instance, Hannah Arendt proposed the agonistic concept of public space. In his explanation, his criticize that the loss of public space in the modern society. Arendts political point of view stresses the changes in the social world contributed to the decrease of public sphere. The interaction of social with politics is more of not a concrete one whereby people behave accordingly to the social set of so called norms instead of acting and thinking critically. Arendt also accounted public space is the space for freedom and execution of power through speech and persuasion (Benhabib, 1992). Another model that explained the public sphere is the liberal model of public dialogue. This particular concept is from Bruce Ackerman in which he conveyed liberalism is a form of political culture based on conversational constraints. Ackermans concern was the way different groups can resolve the problem of living together harmoniously yet do not share the same thoughts of good. Conversational restraint is the path to understand the phenomenon. The concept of it emphasizes on neutrality when dealing with disagreement between two parties. When disagreement occurs, in is important to not fight back in another dimension of moral truth or value but to use dialogue to identify the norms that enforce mutual trust and respect reasonably according to respective culture (Benhabib, 1992). The difernces of this two model concept and model as compare to Habermass model of public sphere is that in Habermass view is that public sphere should be more democratic affected by both social norms and political decisions. Moreover, public sphere should not be based merely on legitimation from public dialogue, but instead judged by the model of practical discourse (Benhabib, 1992). The history and development of public sphere begin as a bourgeois society to guaranteed free speech, free press, and free assembly (Fraser, 1990). Public opinion is formed as a result of these free discussion and debate. Public sphere therefore offered an idea on how democracy should be. It should be open, able to be accessible, and not restricted to any rational discussion of public matters (Fraser, 1990). Having said that, the idea of Habermas on public sphere also has certain limitations. According to Fraser (1990), Habermas fails to recognize other, nonliberal, nonbourgeois, competing public spheres, which caused him only to focus on merely liberal public sphere. Besides that, Habermas idea rest on a class-and gender-biased and also a conflict when trying to adopt his idea in this new century and era since his idea was a way long ago developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Therefore, his idea was rethink and revisit by scholars from time to time in democracy term. Another neglected yet important factor influencing the public sphere is the influence of media and mass communication on democracy (Maia, 2007). Habermas (as cited in Rasmusseri, 2007) elaborated that the function of media in public here is for members of the community to raise issues, provide arguments, specify interpretations and propose solutions. In his paper, Rasmusseri (2007) studied the use of internet and its contribution to the political public sphere among the multiple views in the diverse population which can be convenient yet complicated. Media included the main stream media (the press, cable TV, and broadcasting) and the new media (networking such as internet) is playing an important role in todays society in communicating to the public audiences on social and political issues. However, the mass media filters the information before sending it out so that receivers more or less receive the same information more or less in the same manner (Rasmussen, 2007). The internet-ba sed communication is called as the new media provides more opportunities for members in the public sphere to give feed-back and comment. However, there was also a problem of validity and reliability of the sources of information because such information comes from a wide range of users from the internet and different participants giving own individual opinions for events, topics, and views. The divergence of sources leaves validity and reliability of the information hard to be determined. Habermas, later on, revise and clarify some of his earlier concept. He focuses more on sovereignty within large group instead of individuals preferences and choice. Thus, he made the conclusion that democracy is much determined on deliberation yet not ones will (Maia, 2007). (Maia, 2007) (Rasmussen, 2007) (Fraser, 1990) (Lubenow, 2012) Seyla Benhabib, Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jurgen Habermas, in Craig J. Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), 73-98.

Pro-Life Essay -- essays research papers fc

Pro-Life English I 1 Abortion, when the topic comes up, it is usually something people do not like to discuss. People may tend to avoid this issue for fear of offending or angering others but it is extremely important that the horrors of this brutal practice be addressed. During the years 1965-1996 over 515 million babies have been murdered, this is if you add the number of chemical and surgical abortions (www.rockforlife.org). This is what we need to understand: abortion kills and we need to know where it came from. The legalization of abortion started in Mississippi in the year 1966; it was used in the cases of rape. Then other states began to expand the use of abortion. For instance, if it was the case of rape, incest, or the fetus had abnormalities or if it could seriously affect the mother’s health. In the year 1973 the Supreme Court decided on two cases, Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton. These decisions now effectively legalized abortions for any number of reasons. 1976, things have barely changed at all, but some laws have been passed to somewhat protect the babies. In Missouri permission for an abortion now had to be granted from the mother’s parents if the mother is under eighteen or if she is married permission from her husband. May 12 1994, Bill Clinton virtually eliminated our first amendment rights of peaceful pro-life protestors by signing the law the freedom of Access Clinics Entrance Act (FACE). This act halted the right to demonstrate out...

Internet as a Threat to Old Media

Broadcasting internet as a threat to old media Introduction Just a few clicks on the mouse and a whole world of information are available for free. The internet, whilst largely contributing to declining newspaper, magazines and books sales, decreasing the percentage of advertising on TV and radio, increasing of internet piracy and illegal downloading of films and music. Internet can at least provide a huge resource for journalist, authors, musicians, photographers, producers, editors, directors and all information workers.On the other hand, audiences and users of media mainly still believe on old media as they gain their information and follow latest news (which affect public opinion) from old media because they trust it and rely on its credibility when they compare it with internet . they thought that internet is the world of rumors. http://technorati. com/technology/it/article/do-you-see-the-internet-as/#ixzz16VrHKY7B Background Books writing with words was invented by the Sumerian s (southern Iraq) about five thousand years ago (c. 3100 BC). As far as we know it derived from symbols used for the keeping of accounts around four hundred years earlier.At first, writing was restricted to inscriptions, e. g. on stone, seals, brooches, and containers. The Sumerians then developed baked clay tablets, which can be regarded as the first books. These were soon followed by the papyrus rolls of the Egyptians, made from a plant native only to the Nile Valley. The traditional modern form of the book is called the codex. Meanwhile paper was invented in China as early as 105 AD, and was at first prepared from bark and hemp. This paper developed to a high standard, and paper-making later spread to Japan (c. 10 AD), and then to the Arab world along the Silk Road, via Samarkand in Central Asia. The Arabs introduced paper into Europe via Spain. Printing Printing was another Chinese invention. However such cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Eur ope. A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c. 1450 AD). However this was still hand composed on a mostly wooden press. This still relied on human power to operate. A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846. Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor. Lithography was long used to print pictures for books. From this method came the idea for offset printing – in 1904 the first offset press appeared. In offset printing the method of â€Å"relief† printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries. That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution.From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron) . In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually printing worldwide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear. The Digital Revolution This change led to the irony that a series of advanced digital electronic processes now produced the traditional analogue material book. It was only a matter of time before the logical conclusion would be drawn – that books could exist in a purely electronic form.Moreover such books could incorporate new possibilities undreamed of in the printed codex book. For example, they could be instantly updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds ; video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information. The advent of digital book files also meant that traditional physical books could now be printed individually as required from a stored computer file (Print on Demand, or POD), rather than in the traditional large print runs.This meant both that books could be cheaper in general, and that it was financially practicable to print them in limited numbers for a more restricted readership than before. So rather than immediately displacing the printed codex, the advent of the digital book meant that the physical book could now flourish as never before. At the same time this change prepared the ground for a decisive future shift towards electronic reading. Dawn of the e-Book The electronic book (e-book), existing as a virtual entity stored in a digital file, began to emerge in its own right in the last years of the twentieth century.Like many new technologies it suffered from technical teething troubles, ineffective or inappropriate marketing, commercial rivalries that slowed its progress, and initial public scepticism or indifference. Gradually however the electronic book became capable of being read from an increasing variety of devices, and its vast potential began to be more widely understood. It became clear that the e-book would represent the next leap forward in the onward march of the book. While it can simply represent traditional texts it can also become a layered and interactive multimedia experience.Indeed the book of the future could even be spontaneously assembled from multiple sources for specific educational or entertainment purposes, by a single reader or group. The e-book therefore holds the promise of adding an unprecedented degree of flexibility to the concept of the book. The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. As it evolves, the greatest threat to its future is therefore not from technical advances but from the danger of new generations losing the inclination to read.The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, and, apart from the family, the single most important medium existing for the transmission of ideas and the continuance o f an evolving human culture. http://www. e-book. com. au/bookhistory. htm Newspapers â€Å"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. † -Thomas Jefferson, 1787. The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience going back some five centuries.In Renaissance Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, passing along information about everything from wars and economic conditions to social customs and â€Å"human interest† features. The first printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400's in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when some event worthy of notice occurred.The first successively publi shed title was The Weekly Newes of 1622. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. Fo In America the first newspaper appeared in Boston in 1690, entitled Publick Occurrences. Published without authority, it was immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies were destroyed. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, begun by postmaster John Campbell in 1704. Although it was heavily subsidized by the colonial government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation.Two more papers made their appearance in the 1720's, in Philadelphia and New York, and the Fourth Estate slowly became established on the new continent. In 1783 there were forty-three newspapers in print. The press played a vital role in the affairs of the new nation, representing all shades of political opinion. The ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 at last guaranteed of freedom of the press, and America's newspapers began to take on a ce ntral role in national affairs. Growth continued in every state.In the Jacksonian populist 1830's, advances in printing and papermaking technology led to an explosion of newspaper growth, the emergence of the â€Å"Penny Press†; it was now possible to produce a newspaper that could be sold for just a cent a copy. Previously, newspapers were the province of the wealthy, literate minority. This sudden availability of cheap, interesting reading material was a significant stimulus to the achievement of the nearly universal literacy now taken for granted in America. In the 1850's powerful, giant presses appeared, able to print ten thousand complete papers per hour.At this time the first â€Å"pictorial† weekly newspapers emerged; they featured for the first time extensive illustrations of events in the news, as woodcut engravings made from correspondents' sketches or taken from that new invention, the photograph. Reporters, called â€Å"specials,† became the darlings of the public and the idols of youngsters everywhere. Many accounts of battles turned in by these intrepid adventurers stand today as the definitive histories of their subjects. Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years. By the 1890's the first circulation figures of a million copies per issue were recorded.At this period appeared the features of the modern newspaper, bold â€Å"banner† headlines, extensive use of illustrations, â€Å"funny pages,† plus expanded coverage of organized sporting events. The rise of â€Å"yellow journalism† also marks this era. This is also the age of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers were swallowed up into powerful â€Å"chains†; with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were reduced to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints.By the 1910's, all the esse ntial features of the recognizably modern newspaper had emerged. Radio and television have gradually supplanted newspapers as the nation's primary information sources, so it may be difficult initially to appreciate the role newspapers. Not complete http://www. historicpages. com/nprhist. htm, Phil Barber, 03/08/2010 Magazines The term â€Å"magazine† is generally acknowledged to have come into usage with the publication in the 1730s of the Gentleman’s Magazine by Edward Cave. Its aim was to entertain with stories of crime and romance.It soon proved popular, not just for sale but for rental in public houses, coffee houses and barber shops. Magazines were more affordable than newspapers because printing technology allowed mass production. Taking their cue from America, British publishers produced all-fiction magazines such as Romantic Confessions and similar ‘penny dreadfuls’. General interest magazines such as Answers, Titbits (Tit Bits from all the Most In teresting Books, Periodicals and Contributors in the World), Home Chat, Comic Cuts and Pearson’s Weekly were also hugely popular. The early 20th century saw new styles of magazine such as Reader’s Digest hich included edited versions (digests) of articles and stories. International editions followed the same formula, later developing subscription as a means of ensuring a place in the competitive magazine market. â€Å"Life† magazine which traded on the quality of its pictures in a period when photography was accepted as an art form and photojournalism was regarded as a means of social commentary. â€Å"Life† used the slogan: ‘To see life, to see the world; to witness great events; to watch the faces of the poor and the gestures of the proud; to see strange things’.It had many imitators (or, perhaps more kindly, admirers) such as Picture Post and Illustrated in Britain and Paris Match and Stern in Europe. The end of the Second World War saw ne w titles emerged to satisfy the needs of increasingly affluent consumers who now had business and technical interests as well as expanding leisure pursuits. Interestingly, the emerging broadcast media – particularly television – were accommodated by the magazine industry that began to produce publications which included listings, reviews and background material.Later spin-offs would include comics based on television characters, and magazines dedicated to specific topics or programmes such as BBC Wildlife and Gardener's World. A web search will reveal the extent to which the big companies have other interests, particularly media interests other than publishing magazines. The Guardian Media Guide contains details of the sites run by all the main players in the publishing business. Ezine is an electronic newsletter or magazine. Ezine could reside on a website, intranet system or be sent throughout any network, including the largest network; the Internet.The key to succes s for the big companies is the advertising revenue generated by magazines, and the ability of specific interest magazines to provide clearly-defined target audiences. Not that there is complete freedom to publish any material that will make money: there are laws and regulations that affect magazines just are there are for other media forms. 2000 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and Paul Fisher (Fourth Estate) 2001 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and Paul Fisher (Fourth Estate) EzineArticles. om Lance Winslow, Expert Author , 18 Jul 2006 A decade on the streets Simon Rogers and Xan Brooks, in Media Guardian September 10 2001 http://www. mediaed. org. uk/posted_documents/Magazines. html Radio Radio owes its development to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as â€Å"wireless telegraphy†. It started with the discovery of â€Å"radio waves† – electromagnetic waves that hav e the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through the air.Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves including: radio, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, television broadcasts, and more. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash message (morse code) used in a telegraph. Transmitters at that time were called spark-gap machines. It was developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. Lee Deforest invented space telegraphy, the triode amplifier and the Audion.In the early 1900s, the great requirement for further development of radio was an efficient and delicate detector of electromagnetic radiation. The result of Lee DeForest's work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio that allowed for a multitude of radio stations. Online radio streaming was born in the 90s as a solution for the music industry to reinvent itself or as a solution for activists. WXYC is the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. The term internet radio isn't just about live streaming on the internet but can also be an archive site with audio files.Online radio can be a terrestrial radio station that broadcasts to a bigger market, or an independent internet-only operator that is just starting. Web radio stations are a good solution for new markets, delivering independent music that listeners can't hear on regular radio. The advantage of internet radio services is that its services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world. Internet radio is distributed most often via streaming, in audio formats like mp3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio and others. http://www. radiobunch. com/online-radio-history. html, http://inventors. bout. com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio_2. htm , Mary Bellis Television In the late 1800s, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a student in Germ any, developed the first ever mechanical module of television. He succeeded in sending images through wires with the help of a rotating metal disk. This technology was called the ‘electric telescope’ that had 18 lines of resolution. In 1923, an American inventor called Charles Jenkins used the disk idea of Nipkow to invent the first ever practical mechanical television system. From 1926 till 1931, the mechanical television system saw many innovations.Although the discoveries of these men in the department of mechanical television were very innovative, by 1934, all television systems had converted into the electronic system, which is what is being used even today. In 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth was able to invent a working model of electronic television that was based on Swinton’s ideas. His experiments had started when he was just a little boy of 14 years. By the time he became 21, Philo had created the first electronic television system, which did away with th e rotating disks and other mechanical aspects of mechanical television.Thus was born the television system which is the basis of all modern TVs. In 1948 there were early tests of cable television in the rural area of Lansford, PA. In 1956 the Ampex quadruplex videotape replaced the kinescope; making it possible for television programs to be produced anywhere, as well as greatly improving the visual quality on home sets. In 1957 the 1st practical remote control, invented by Robert Adler and called the â€Å"Space Commander,† was introduced by Zenith.. This â€Å"Golden Age† of television also saw the establishment of several significant technological standards.These included the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standards for black and white (1941) and color television (1953). In 1952 the FCC made a key decision, via what is known as the Sixth Report and Order, to permit UHF broadcasting for the 1st time on 70 new channels (14 to 83). This was an essential decision because the Nation was already running out of channels on VHF (channels 2-13). That decision gave 95% of the U. S. television markets three VHF channels each, establishing a pattern that generally continues today.Thus the â€Å"Golden Age† was a period of intense growth and expansion, introducing many of the television accessories and methods of distribution that we take for granted today. 1962 brought the 1st transatlantic reception of a television signal via the TELSTAR satellite. High definition television (HDTV) was also introduced during this period. In 1981 NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting company, demonstrated their 1,125 line HDTV system to the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers at their Winter conference in San Francisco.In 1994 HDTV standards were established and a plan for the transition from analog to digital transmission of television programming has been rolled out throughout the decade. Not complete http://www. thehistoryoftelevi sion. com/ , Geno Jezek, 2006 http://www. fcc. gov/omd/history/tv/1990-today. html internet The Internet has become such an integral part of our lives, with such powerful capabilities, that it is easy to forget that this technological marvel was created by the long, hard, dedicated efforts of human beings — folks who had a vision of what universal networking could become and worked to make it happen.The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future: †¢Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the â€Å"memex† automated library system. †¢Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities. The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelli gence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences. †¢Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race.ARPA appointed J. C. R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 196 9.The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute. The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET.The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. And here we are. http://www. livinginternet. com/i/ii. htm

Syllabus Risk

BADM 574 – MSTM Simulation and Risk Analysis Spring 2013 Lectures: ADV: TR 9:30 am – 10:50 am in 2043 BIF GRD: TR 11:00 am – 12:20 pm in 2043 BIF Final Exam: 7-10 pm, Tuesday May 7, 2013 ADV: 2041 BIF GRD: 2043 BIF Instructor: H. Dharma Kwon, Assistant Professor of Business Administration, College of Business, University of Illinois Of? ce: Email: Phone: Of? ce Hours: 365 Wohlers Hall [email  protected] edu 217-333-3522 Tuesdays 2 – 4 pm or by appointment Note: When you send email to the instructor, your subject line must contain the course title. During the of? ce hours, you can call my of? ce.Course Objectives: This course is about using numbers to make better decisions. The focus will be on â€Å"handson† use of quantitative tools for solution of management problems often involving risk and uncertainty. Speci? c course objectives: (1) Introduce you to practical yet sophisticated tools suitable for modeling and solving complex managerial problem s with risky outcomes, and (2) improve 1 your skill and experience with the use of spreadsheet tools for analysis of management decision problems. We will learn to mathematically model business decision problems and apply their analytical skills to realistic business contexts.The material covered is useful for executives in all professional areas of business, including but not limited to accounting, ? nance, marketing, information systems, operations management or any other area where it is important to combine quantitative analysis with expert intuitive judgment. Prerequisite: This course builds upon some rudimentary knowledge of mathematics (probability and statistics) and basic pro? ciency with Microsoft Excel. Required Materials: 1. To purchase the required electronic course pack, go to https://create. mcgraw-hill. com/shop/ and search for the following ISBN number: 1121833926.The course pack contains all required cases and some readings. 2. TreePlan, RiskSim, and SensIt (provid ed by the MSTM program and downloadable from Compass 2g course website) 3. A laptop and Microsoft Excel 2010 (for Windows) or 2011 (for Mac) installed in your laptop Evaluation Methods: There are four components to the evaluation: Case Summary: Minicase Analysis: Group Project: Final Exam: Cases Summary: Roughly every week, individual case summary assignment(s) are due. We will discuss cases in class, so it is important to read and understand the problems posed by the cases before coming to the classroom.The summary of each case must not exceed one page, and it must be submitted on-line via Compass. (PDF format is strongly preferred). It will be graded on a pass/fail basis. In order to pass a case summary assignment, you must show suf? cient evidence that you have read the case and understood the gist of it. 2 10% 30% 15% 45% Minicase Analysis: Minicase analyses (problem sets) will be assigned roughly once a week and graded. The minicases are designed to help you learn the mechanics of the methods covered in class and to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts in simple and illustrative contexts.Please note that minicase assignments require careful interpretation and analysis of the given problems. Points will be deducted if you misinterpret the information given in the case assignments. Discuss your assumptions and clearly explain your quantitative reasoning. Answers (even correct answers) without logical and quantitative reasoning will not receive credit. Minicase analysis assignments will be posted on Compass. This is sometimes an individual assignment but sometimes a team assignment. Late assignments are generally not accepted. Group Project: In the last week of the course, each team will submit an original minicase.The minicase should be based on a real business situation (in the past, in the present, or in the future) and must be analyzed using one or more of the methods or concepts discussed in this course. If you’d like, you can also add o ther methodology that is not discussed in class. Each case must consist of two parts. In part 1, a business decision problem must be presented with essential information. It can be a ? ctional situation, but it must be based on a real business situation. Part 1 might look like one of the short cases that we analyze in this course and the text (excluding exhibits) must not exceed 5 pages typed ingle-spaced in 12 pt font. (See Darden’s cases for the document format). In part 2, the solution to the problem posed in part 1 must be given. When you construct the minicase, you should have pedagogical values in mind, i. e. , think of writing a teaching case or an open-book exam for future MSTM students at the University of Illinois. Your submitted work will be evaluated based on how well the decision analytical framework is utilized to solve a given (hopefully non-trivial) problem (50%) and its pedagogical value or the practicality of the problem (50%).Final Exam: There will be an in -class 3-hour-long open-book, open-notes, and open-laptops ? nal exam. You are NOT allowed to share your laptops with other students or send/receive emails during the ? nal exam. If you miss the ? nal exam without prior discussions with the instructor or without university-authorized emergencies, then you will receive zero credit. 3 Practice Problem Sets: Practice problem sets and their solution keys will be regularly posted on Compass. They are designed to help you understand the material and to provide practice using various concepts and techniques discussed in class.These assignments will not be collected or graded. However, these problem sets will be helpful for the quiz and the ? nal exam. Some practice problems will be discussed as examples in class. Grades: The ? nal letter grade will be based upon each individual’s level of understanding and learning evidenced by the weighted cumulative points from all four components shown in Evaluation Methods. Laptop and Electronic Communications Policy: You are required to bring your laptop to each class; you will have to use your laptop to download ? es and participate in problem-solving activities in class. You are not allowed to check e-mail or send text messages using your cell phone or laptop. Set your cell phone to silent mode. Academic Integrity and Honor Code: You are expected to behave ethically throughout the term and follow the norms and guidelines outlined by the University on academic integrity. 4 Course Modules: Module 1 Topic Reading Cases Module 2 Topic Reading Cases Module 3 Topic Reading Cases Module 4 Topic Reading Cases Module 5 TopicReading Cases Module 6 Topic Reading Cases Module 7 Topic Reading Cases Value of Information and Control Risk Management Harimann International Optional module (if time permitted) Downstream Decisions – Merck & Co. ; International Guidance Control Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt CyberLab (A), Supp, (B); Liquid Gold Probability As sessment from Historical Data Probability Distributions Commerce Tavern Simulation Analysis Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim George’s Revised Forecast and Addendum Sampling and Statistical Inference – Jade Shampoo (A) and (B) Decisions under Uncertainty DTP Ch. George’s T-Shirts DTP: Decision Tree Primer (http://www. public. asu. edu/~kirkwood/DAStuff/decisiontrees/index. html) Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/RiskSim-Guide243. pdf) Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/SensIt-Guide-145. pdf) 5

The Top 5 Jobs in Every Major Industry in the West

The Top 5 Jobs in Every Major Industry in the West if you’re looking for a career change (or a change of scenery!), here are some of the fastest-growing jobs for 2016 in the far-western part of the u.s., per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics. this region includes alaska, arizona, california, hawaii, idaho, nevada, oregon, and washington. this region is unique because it includes some of the most disparate states in the union- states don’t come much different than alaska and arizona. but what they have in common is that they’re  all seeing strong growth in core industries.1. tech industry: web developerâ€Å"if you build it, they will come.† okay, so that was technically a ghost in a cornfield telling kevin costner to build a baseball field. but it’s just as relevant for the american west, where the beating heart of the tech world lives in seattle and san francisco’s silicon valley. one of the hottest positions in the pacific region, according to the robert half tech blog, web developers w ill continue to be in demand. web developers design, create, and maintain websites for companies or personal clients. in addition to designing, they also manage the day-to-day tech aspects of the site and work in different programming languages to update the sites.web developers typically have an associate’s degree or higher to start. the median salary is $63,490, and the projected growth is strong at 27%.2. service industry: meeting, convention, and event plannertourism is a key industry in the west, particularly in hubs like las vegas. meeting, convention, and event planners are responsible for organizing large-scale events like conferences and company meetings. they manage staffs and coordinate details like food and lodging, locations, and transportation. event planners typically have a bachelor’s degree, and experience in hospitality is a valuable skill to have, as well.the median salary is $46,490, and the field is expected to grow by at least 10% in the coming ye ars.3. logistics industry: emergency management specialistin a region of the country unfortunately prone to earthquakes, fires, and other natural disasters, complete emergency preparedness is essential. emergency management specialists manage logistics related to emergency planning and training teams for future events.the median salary for this position is $52,590, and california and oregon are among the highest-paying states for emergency management specialists. the field is expected to grow between 6-10%.4. healthcare industry: occupational therapistoccupational therapists are an essential part of recovery after injury, and also work with patients who have chronic illnesses or disabilities. they create treatment plans that include everyday living skills to help patients recover or develop the ability to function. the standard level of education for occupational therapists is a master’s degree, with additional certification licensing generally required by states.the median s alary is $78,810, and the field is expected to grow by 27%.5. restaurant industry: chefwe live in a foodie nation these days, and chefs and cooks are often at the front of the innovation line, with eclectic dishes inspired by local and ethnic cuisines. chefs may work in the traditional restaurant setting, but you’ll increasingly find them in other places as well: private homes, pop-up kitchens, and various hospitality venues. on-the-job training is key for chefs. no specific degree is required, but many chefs and cooks opt for formal culinary school training, and all must meet local food handling guidelines.the median salary is $41,610, and the field is expected to grow by at least 10%.no longer the wild west of old, the western region of the u.s. is a major source of innovation in all areas- and the job scene is just as fast-paced.

Where Sympathies Lie essays

Where Sympathies Lie essays A wise proverb once said, Appearances are deceptive (The Macmillan Dictionary of Quotations 26). One should keep this in mind when reading Frankenstein by Mary Shelley because the proverb is proven accurate in that looks are in fact, misleading. She creates a creature abhorred by society because of his appearance. Even his own creator, a scientist named Victor Frankenstein, fails to show him compassion. As the novel progresses the monster travels through the ends of the world only to be shunned by all of humanity. Through his quest for love one sees the many heartaches he endures in search of his ultimate goal. Contrary to what one may believe, the monster possesses many humanlike characteristics. In creating the monster, Shelley reveals mans shallow obsession with physical appearance, invoking the readers to sympathize with the monster as his tragic life story unfolds. The reader, persuaded by the creatures desperate desire for love and affection, feels sympathy for him knowing that everyone deserves to be loved. Upon seeing Frankenstein for the first time the monster expresses, I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king if thou wilt also perform thy part, the which thou owest me (Shelley 95). After seeking love from many others, but with no success, the creature finally turns to his creator. However, even his own creator does not show him the love that he, like any other being, is entitled to have. Frankensteins rejection allows the reader to realize that it is extremely sad that the monster receives affection from no one, not even his own creator, who of all people should love his creature. The reader knows that if Frankenstein cant surge up feelings to feel compassion towards his own, then no one else will. ...

Definition and Examples of Vignettes in Prose

Definition and Examples of Vignettes in Prose In composition, a  vignette is a verbal sketch- a brief essay  or story  or any carefully crafted short work of prose. Sometimes called a slice of life. A vignette may be either fiction or  nonfiction, either a piece thats complete in itself or one part of a larger work. In their book  Studying Children in Context (1998), M. Elizabeth Graue and Daniel J. Walsh characterize  vignettes as crystallizations that are developed for retelling. Vignettes, they say, put ideas in concrete context, allowing us to see how abstract notions play out in lived experience.  Ã‚   The term vignette (adapted  from a word in Middle French meaning vine) referred originally to a decorative design used in books and manuscripts. The term gained its literary sense in the late 19th century. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: AnecdoteCharacter (Genre)  and  Character SketchComposing a Character SketchCreative NonfictionDescriptionHow to Write a Descriptive ParagraphNarrative Examples of Vignettes By the Railway Side by Alice MeynellEudora Weltys Sketch of Miss DulingEvan S. Connells Narrative Sketch of Mrs. BridgeHarry Crews Sketch of His StepfatherHemingways Use of RepetitionMy Home of Yesteryear: A Students Descriptive Essay Examples and Observations Composing Vignettes- There are no hard-and-fast guidelines for  writing a vignette, though some may prescribe that the content should contain sufficient descriptive detail, analytic commentary, critical or evaluative perspectives, and so forth. But literary writing is a creative enterprise, and the vignette offers the researcher an opportunity to venture away from traditional scholarly discourse and into evocative prose that remains firmly rooted in the data but is not a slave to it.(Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana,  Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook, 3rd ed.  Sage, 2014)- If one is  writing a vignette  about a dearly beloved Volkswagen, one will probably play down the general characteristics which it shares with all VWs and focus instead on its peculiarities- the way it coughs on cold mornings, the time it climbed an icy hill when all the other cars had stalled, etc.(Noretta Koertge, Rational Reconstructions. Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, ed. by  Robert S. Cohen et al. Springer, 1976) E.B. Whites Vignettes[In his early casuals for The New Yorker magazine] E.B. White focused on an unobserved tableau or vignette: a janitor polishing a fireplug with liquid from a Gordons Gin bottle, an unemployed man idling on the street, an old drunk on the subway, noises of New York City, a fantasy drawn from elements observed from an apartment window. As he wrote to his brother Stanley, these were the small things of the day, the trivial matters of the heart, the inconsequential but near things of this living, the little capsule[s] of truth continually important as the subtext of Whites writing.The faint squeak of mortality he listened for sounded particularly in the casuals in which White used himself as a central character. The persona varies from piece to piece, but usually the first-person narrator is someone struggling with embarrassment or confusion over trivial events.(Robert L. Root, Jr., E.B. White: The Emergence of an Essayist. University of Iowa Press, 1999) An  E.B. White  Vignette on RailroadsThe strong streak of insanity in railroads, which accounts for a childs instinctive feeling for them and for a mans unashamed devotion to them, is congenital; there seems to be no reason to fear that any disturbing improvement in the railroads condition will set in. Lying at peace but awake in a Pullman berth all one hot night recently, we followed with dreamy satisfaction the familiar symphony of the cars- the diner departing (furioso) at midnight, the long, fever-laden silences between runs, the timeless gossip of rail and wheel during the runs, the crescendos and diminuendos, the piffling poop-pooping of the diesels horn. For the most part, railroading is unchanged from our childhood. The water in which one washes ones face at morn is still without any real wetness, the little ladder leading to the upper is still the symbol of the tremendous adventure of the night, the green clothes hammock still sways with the curves, and there is still no foolproof place to store ones trousers.Our journey really began several days earlier, at the ticket window of a small station in the country, when the agent showed signs of cracking under the paperwork. Its hard to believe, he said, that after all these years I still got to write the word Providence in here every time I make out one of these things. Now, theres no possible conceivable way you could make this journey without going through Providence, yet the Company wants the word written in here just the same. O.K., here she goes! He gravely wrote Providence in the proper space, and we experienced anew the reassurance that rail travel is unchanged and unchanging, and that it suits our temperament perfectly- a dash of lunacy, a sense of detachment, not much speed, and no altitude whatsoever.(E.B. White, Railroads. The Second Tree From the Corner. Harper Row, 1954) Two Vignettes by Annie Dillard: The Return of Winter and Playing Football- It snowed and it cleared and I kicked  and pounded the snow. I roamed the darkening snowy neighborhood, oblivious. I bit and crumbled on my tongue the sweet, metallic worms of ice that had formed in rows on my mittens. I took a mitten off to fetch some wool strands from my mouth. Deeper the blue shadows grew on the sidewalk snow, and longer; the blue shadows joined and spread upward from the streets like rising water. I walked wordless and unseeing, dumb and sunk in my skull, until- what was that?The streetlights had come on- yellow, bing- and the new light woke me like noise. I surfaced once again and saw: it was winter now, winter again. The air had grown blue dark; the skies were shrinking; the streetlights had come on; and I was here outside in the dimming days snow, alive.- Some boys taught me to play football. This was fine sport. You thought up a new strategy for every play and whispered it to the oth ers. You went out for a pass, fooling everyone. Best, you got to throw yourself mightily at someone’s running legs. Either you brought him down or you hit the ground flat out on your chin, with your arms empty before you. It was all or nothing. If you hesitated in fear, you would miss and get hurt: you would take a hard fall while the kid got away. But if you flung yourself wholeheartedly at the back of his knees- if you gathered and joined body and soul and pointed them diving fearlessly- then you likely wouldn’t get hurt, and you’d stop the ball. Your fate, and your team’s score, depended on your concentration and courage. Nothing girls did could compare with it.(Annie Dillard, An American Childhood. Harper Row, 1987) A Hemingway Vignette on a Matadors DeathMaera lay still, his head on his arms, his face in the sand. He felt warm and sticky from the bleeding. Each time he felt the horn coming. Sometimes the bull only bumped him with his head. Once the horn went all the way through him and he felt it go into the sand. Some one had the bull by the tail. They were swearing at him and flopping the cape in his face. Then the bull was gone. Some men picked Maera up and started to run with him toward the barriers through the gate out the passageway around under the grandstand to the infirmary. They laid Maera down on a cot and one of the men went out for the doctor. The others stood around. The doctor came running from the corral where he had been sewing up picador horses. He had to stop and wash his hands. There was a great shouting going on in the grandstand overhead. Maera felt everything getting larger and larger and then smaller and smaller. Then it got larger and larger and larger and then smaller and smaller. Then everything commenced to run faster and faster as when they speed up a cinematograph film. Then he was dead.(Ernest Hemingway, Chapter 14 of In Our Time. Charles Scribners Sons, 1925)​ Pronunciation: vin-YET

The Relationship Between Racial Identity and PsychoSocial Outcomes Essay

The Relationship Between Racial Identity and PsychoSocial Outcomes Among African American Males - Essay Example This is when the youth experiment with all their hearts and show these outcomes to the world, of course with the world either accepting them or rejecting them in the process (Oyserman and Gant, 1996). The youth embarking on establishing who they are synthesize what they already know from their childhood, with their accumulated skills and abilities, and use these to construct their adult selves that do seems to justify who they really are. This adult self provides meaning and order to its thoughts, experiences, feelings and actions. Aside from these interior functions, it sought to motivate actions to the ones around it through providing incentives, standards, plans, strategies and rules of conduct. Thus, the adult self is a social construct, relying heavily on the support of the society, as it could be the one dictated by the inherent norms or it could be the one setting the norms. The social environment is also the background for which the youth can source the resources it needs i.e. education, economic resources to enable them to obtain the skills and characteristics to be the adult deemed worthy of their sociocultural position. This paper would posit racial identity as the dependent variable and the independent variables are the future achievements of the black male, in or outside of school, the black youth's self-esteem and image and the level of psychological distress he suffers. Adole Adolescents deciding on their future adult selves are open to seems-like limitless alternatives for them to choose from, varying only on their personal attainments and available resources. Nevertheless, adolescence has a funny way of imposing a limit on these alternatives. This limit is the belief that they cannot or do not have the capabalities to succeed in school, leading to a general decline in the interest as well as involvement in learning, in school or otherwise, increase in risky deliquent behaviors and suscpetibility to depression (Osyerman and Gant, 1996). This simply describes the plight of many youth black males. Though it is the same that they are open to experiment in their adolescence in order to determine who they are, society seems to be harder on them that the restriction adolescence impose on their supposed-to-be limitless pallet of identities to choose from is much more existent than their white peers. Therefore, there are evident claims of youth black males in more increased risk for school failure and dropout, arrest and incarceration, as one can see in various studies. It is important to note that this manifests more in blacks residing in America, or African-Americans adolescents. Whatever a white youth has to face as a challenge to prove itself to the world, the African-American has to take on double (Osyerman and Gant, 1996). For example, it is natural for youth in the cities to seek out for itself employment opportunities that would sustain them and lead them to satisfying career paths amidst the tapering of these labor possibilities. However, there had already been imposed a job ceiling on African-Americans that often times, advancing from entry-level positions became quite impossible. Moreover, the blacks living in poverty is actually dismaying as it increases rapidly, and jails swamped with these youth rather than the schools. The African-American are mostly in unstable, low-paying jobs or unemployed that most of them gave up on even seeking one. Thus, the

CAn Toxic Leadership be Mitigated Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAn Toxic Leadership be Mitigated - Coursework Example Secondly, I would suggest that the gap between the leader and the workforce is what is contributing to lack of trust among them. Also, it would be better if a free, casual and yet a professional relationship existed, which would prove to be healthier and has a potential of improving the situation. In addition, I would present some statistical information that connects greater productivity to more trust in an organizational setup. Since there are different cultures in the organization, I would recommend a monthly meeting that focuses on learning and recognizing everyone’s cultures. It will be in order to assist the leader into realizing and acknowledging the diverse culture he is dealing with, hence making him respect and appreciate all of them. Bring in a speaker who specializes in improving culture for a quarterly. Lastly, in order for the leader to have a constant reminder of what is right or wrong, I would ask the workers to contribute by reminding the leader of things he has done right, (Korn, 2004). In conclusion, by using the right channels, it is possible to reform a toxic leader. Although some situations appears tough, having a professional do it is more advisable, since they tend t know how to go about it smoothly and

Provided in the Doc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Provided in the Doc - Research Paper Example etic technology because it has a lot of drawbacks such as; hair loss, nausea, diarrhea, or death and significant number of the operation to replace the cancer cells without using this technology face failure. Chemotherapy is the principal cancer treatment modality which has decreased cancer mortality rate over the years. Chemotherapy causes setbacks such as nausea, diarrhea, and hair loss. Nanomagnetic technology is a scientific advancement in biomedical engineering that offers a safer alternative to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was unspecific in its action thereby had the risk of damaging healthy cells. Cases where nanomagentic technology was used, recorded fewer risks. Biomedical engineering should, therefore, be recommended as a safer alternative to chemotherapy as a cancer treatment modality According to the worldwide cancer statistics, 14.1 million people were diagnosed with cancer up to the year 2012. Out of these cases, 8.2 million mortality was reported. The United States alone reports more than 5000 cancer incidences every year. Out of this cases 137 occurred among children aged under the age of fourteen years and 59 were leukemia cases (Robert, 2013). Leukemia is an infectious disease where blood-forming organs like the bone marrow produce a large number of leucocytes, suppressing the production of normal blood cells. Nanomagnetic technology is the use of soft magnetic cores with high resistivity for diagnosis (Schulz, 2009). What drawbacks do cancer cells have, and how biomedical engineering helps to treat these drawbacks? Chemotherapy should be replaced by nanomagnetic technology because it has a lot of drawbacks such as; hair loss, nausea, diarrhea, or death and significant number of the operation to replace the cancer cells without using this technology face failure. The replacement of chemotherapy with nanomagnetic technology will reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. The study will use books and articles as the sources of information. The

Why are there relatively few women in top managerial positions and Essay

Why are there relatively few women in top managerial positions and what steps might be taken to overcome the obstacles they face - Essay Example Gender discrimination, bias, sexual harassment, cultural, social and conventional factors all led women not to prefer management career line. This work analyses what measures can be taken in order to bring women in to the management mainstream. People think ‘men’ when they think of ‘management’ has been discussed for long by researchers, managements and organizations. Historically, the social attitudes towards ‘women management’ had prohibited most women from becoming managers in functional areas of management. The assumption that women are not as better suited for management traits as men had been, until recently, rarely questioned and seldom explored. Even though most perceive that not only men but women are also capable of management traits, why there are few women in management has been a matter of relevant discussion. This work analyses the reasons why there are few women in management positions and what measures need to be taken in order to bring women managers in to the mainstream. Surveys and researches conducted throughout different countries have proved that women in management are fewer disproportionately to the rate of population and education. There continues to be a great disparity in women representation in management when compared to the number of women educated. Women around the world now represent about more than 40% of the total workforce, but their roles in management and leadership remained comparatively low. According to Sanghamitra Buddhapriya (1999), organizational roles have been traditionally gendered. Certain levels and positions have been considered to be more appropriate to women or men. The gendered aspect made men with occupying dominance over women. (p. 3). Those who have reached some higher level managerial positions are constantly being challenged by ever changing working environment. For women managers and leaders, the affirmation and support from a larger community remains still uncommon. Three

Fine Arts Lsson #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fine Arts Lsson #1 - Essay Example gures shown in the website look photographed, and seeing them would entice anyone to come to the museum to take pictures with figures of their favorite personalities. There are a number of figures shown in the website but my attention was drawn to the wax figures of Hollywood actors such as Denzel Washington, Johnny Depp, and Robin Williams. These famous Hollywood personalities have their own identities, which the wax sculptors have captured in wax form. The wax figures have some noticeable characteristics that give meaning to the work of art. These include shape, line, texture, and color. The first thing that one can notice in the wax figures is shape. Unlike other figures that one can see in museums and parks, the wax figures at Madame Tussaud’s are shaped to reveal the identity of the model. They are not just plain figures striking a pose or statues holding a symbol of identity. Rather, they are shaped to imply their personal character, the way people know them in the movies. For example, Robin Williams smiles and holds out his left hand to the audience, suggesting a jolly and welcoming attitude, whereas Denzel Washington has his right hand stretched out across his abdomen, which connotes his serious character and masculinity. Meanwhile, Johnny Depp’s pose is likewise serious but his figure is a little too stiff, which makes it less realistic than the other two figures. Also, I believe that the jaws of Depp are not as wide as that of the figure. Nonetheless, Depp’s figure also draws attention because of its color. See Figure 1. One important aspect that deserves attention is line. Notably, the lines applied in the wax figure of Robin Williams are excellent. They are well-planned, varied, and meaningful. The lines are mostly visible on the face of the actor, especially on his forehead, thus suggesting old age. The wrinkles vary in depth to add to the facial expression. The lines for the lips are curved in a natural way to make the figure look realistic.

Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Corporate Finance - Essay Example The alternative to the CAPM has been proposed by Ross in 1976. CAPM fails to deliver the desired outcome due to its impractical assumptions. For example, it has been assumed that all the investors share the same kind of information and possess the same amount of information. It may not be feasible in the real market scenario. Moreover, Fama and French (2006) argued that identifying and estimating the market return (Rm) is quite a difficult task. Thus, a different form of pricing model has been proposed named as Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). In APT, the pricing of the equity has been derived based on the number of systematic factors. The model exposes that a set of common factors stimulate the outcomes of the market. Moreover, this model also highlights the fact that stocks of the same industry tend to move together. The presence of the multiple factors has complicated the CAPM and also narrows down its scope. In APT approach, the values of the assets are evaluated based on the law of one price and no arbitrage. The model can be considered as a multi-factor model. APT is derived from a statistical model. However, CAPM can be treated as an equilibrium asset pricing model (Fama and French, 2004). The assumptions like the equal expectation of the investors are not considered in APT. According to Grammig and Schrimpf (2009), the APT model is more reasonable compared to the CAPM, as the former considers the lesser amount of assumptions. The assumptions of the APT model are as follows.

Fine Arts Lsson #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fine Arts Lsson #1 - Essay Example gures shown in the website look photographed, and seeing them would entice anyone to come to the museum to take pictures with figures of their favorite personalities. There are a number of figures shown in the website but my attention was drawn to the wax figures of Hollywood actors such as Denzel Washington, Johnny Depp, and Robin Williams. These famous Hollywood personalities have their own identities, which the wax sculptors have captured in wax form. The wax figures have some noticeable characteristics that give meaning to the work of art. These include shape, line, texture, and color. The first thing that one can notice in the wax figures is shape. Unlike other figures that one can see in museums and parks, the wax figures at Madame Tussaud’s are shaped to reveal the identity of the model. They are not just plain figures striking a pose or statues holding a symbol of identity. Rather, they are shaped to imply their personal character, the way people know them in the movies. For example, Robin Williams smiles and holds out his left hand to the audience, suggesting a jolly and welcoming attitude, whereas Denzel Washington has his right hand stretched out across his abdomen, which connotes his serious character and masculinity. Meanwhile, Johnny Depp’s pose is likewise serious but his figure is a little too stiff, which makes it less realistic than the other two figures. Also, I believe that the jaws of Depp are not as wide as that of the figure. Nonetheless, Depp’s figure also draws attention because of its color. See Figure 1. One important aspect that deserves attention is line. Notably, the lines applied in the wax figure of Robin Williams are excellent. They are well-planned, varied, and meaningful. The lines are mostly visible on the face of the actor, especially on his forehead, thus suggesting old age. The wrinkles vary in depth to add to the facial expression. The lines for the lips are curved in a natural way to make the figure look realistic.

Government Spying Essay Example for Free

Government Spying Essay Austin Bryan Period-1 http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/news/2006/intell-060101-voa01.htm In some instances, governments believe that it is okay to spy on their citizens in order to preserve their freedom. I personally find this concept to be absurd. Living in a country that’s history is founded upon freedom of its citizens, and escaping oppression of tyrant governments, leaves me very skeptical on this concept. I believe that if the government is spying on its citizens it is actually taking away their freedom rather than preserving it. Living in an era of increasing technology has made it much easier for a government to spy on its citizens. Because of this, it has become a problem in many places around the world. Think about back in elementary school when you had pen pals from other countries. How would you feel if the government was able to intrude on your personal life just because you made contact abroad? For us in America, a government spying on its citizens sounds pretty crazy right? In 2006 president Bush did just that by enabling a â€Å"Government Phone Tap†. President Bush thought in order to preserve citizen’s freedoms that is was justified to tap into people’s phones and emails. The only people that were supposed to be the recipients of phone tapings where those who were making calls abroad, particularly to suspected al-Qaida connections. Not only is this a complete violation of peoples constitutional rights and privacy, but Bush also neglected the need for a warrant in this instance. To this day many immigrants from other countries come to America seeking asylum from oppressive governments. America is supposed to be a safe haven where people’s rights and privacy are protected under the constitution. Acts of government espionage upon its own citizens like this are completely unacceptable. I believe that the only way from a government to protect its citizen’s freedom is to respect everyone’s freedom regardless of circumstances.

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay Income gender gap can be reviewed at both the individual and institutional level. It refers to the prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory of individuals, and the policies that restrict the opportunities of minorities respectively. SECTION II THE ISSUES AND WHO ARE INVOVLED Income gender gap is also known as the disparity of income between sexes. It has been a debatable issue ever since globalization takes place. In the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the differences in the wages of men and women. This can be calculated as a ratio of female to male wages (often expressed as a percentage). The female population has been showcasing their talents and it is depending on how the world accounts and utilizes such talent pool to determine the competitiveness of the economies. Gender disparity in income is an issue that has been surfacing worldwide and economies would have been affected as a result. Thus, it was chosen as I openly felt that corrective measures might not have been designed to address the issue on a global scale. Besides, reports have also shown that the gender pay gap has not been fully resolved as many countries workplaces are still faced with the problem of gender discrimination. In this income gender gap report, I aim to highlight the importance of promoting gender equality. This is in hope that creation of greater awareness among a global audience is present, with implementation of good practices and effective measures drawn that can help further reduce gender inequality. An example of common stereotypes stating males being more dominant and females seen as the weaker sex are present. This happens when both sexes working in the same field are being remunerated differently the male with a higher wage as compared to the female. Singapore is not spared in this aspect. Statistics have shown that there is a closing of gender income gap. However, this is only relevant in the occupations of professionals, services/sales and cleaners/labourers. Statistics have shown that employers tend to empower males with prospective occupation tracks that lead them to having high flying careers; however this isnt so for the females. There is more likelihood that employers entrust women with occupation positions that are deemed to be dead-end, or have very little mobility for advancement. This is due to the perception that women will leave their jobs or labour force at times of marriage or pregnancy. SECTION III WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO TALK ABOUT IT? The principle of equality of opportunity is one of the basic tenets of human development. However, the differences in wage between genders speak about how discrimination brings about inequality and places one at an advantage or vice versa. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), progress in reducing the gender pay gap is very slow in Europe and Central Asia. The gender income gap may have narrowed in some countries, but on an international level, it is still not evident as proven by ILO. Improvising of stricter policies and measures should be done in the light of significance in every country and the most effective means of doing so is through governments intervention. The talents of women which involved the capacity for and skills are not equally rewarded. Also, division of work has always been gendered, which left women often experiencing a disparity in the labour market limited positions and rights in companies. Constrain on the economic growth is one of the impacts contributed by gender inequalities in society. In the long run, society will experience greater negative consequences economically, resulting from this discrimination gender inequalities at work. This is because income inequality diminishes growth potential. With gender inequalities reduced, it benefits men and women, children and the elderly, for the poor and as well as the rich. This in turn would lead to the better advancement in economic growth. However, research begged to differ that such reduction in income disparity between genders would be positive. It is argued that higher inequality would be an advantage in encouraging growth in well developed regions although it will hinder growth in poor countries (Robert Barro, 1999). Although the economy at large is still affected, inequality and growth were believed to have no correlation-concluding that inequality neither drives nor impairs growth (World Development Report, 2000). This is also supported by a recent study on income inequality; a society in which income was distributed perfectly equally with respect to gender would not be a desirable place either (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2008). On a fair note during entry level for both sexes, earnings of womens pay have been analyzed in some countries and the increase in earnings is substantial, in addition, even higher than those of men because of their qualifications. This explains that income is based solely on merit of individuals. Still, I believe that this is not practiced internationally, with Singapore a globalized developed country, ranking 84 out of 134 countries, with a score of 0.666 (0.00=inequality/1.00=equality). And for wage equality for similar work, shes ranked 9th (World Economic Forum, 2009). Yet Singapore is still facing these problems at present. For this reason, the gender gap plays a significant magnitude in determining wage. In the perspective of Singapore, females still earn less than males in all occupations. Disparity is even wider when comparing of mean incomes, which implies that males still receive higher wages than their female counterparts as a whole. This is backed by structural constraints in Singapores economy preventing women from attaining similar income. Comparison of the monthly gross salary in the managerial roles shows signs of glass ceiling. The mean gross wage is $7272 for a female, compared to $9065 for a male, and the median gross wage is $5673 for a female, compared to $6450 for a male (Singapore Yearbook of ManPower Statistic, 2009). Predetermined conception that women have shorter employment life-spans and experiences on the job due to pregnancy and traditional domestic duties, such as child rearing and housekeeping is the contributing factor bringing about stereotype against women at the workplace. Studies have shown that these factors accounts for a considerable component of the gender wage gap. Due to womens family-related commitments and priorities, the average woman on the labour market has fewer years of experience than the average man, which contributes to the difference in pay between men and women. Furthermore, an equal position whereby both genders are employed takes into the consideration of National Service. Men trained in the National Service were being favoured, which played a part in the salary differentials. A strong argument cited that because National Service provides men with essential skills such as in leadership, organisation, and decision-making, which is said as to be a pre-requisite in the job market. Awarding them a higher starting salary in the public and private sectors is justifiable. Since National Service is unavoidable, it is deemed as a result that women may be left with little power in the public and private sectors in terms of representation. SECTION IV WHERE CAN WE START TO FIX THE PROBLEM? With males given a higher edge above their female counterparts in the context of wage, it is a prejudice as men is seen as the domineering sex. Thus, with no qualms that such an issue creates inequality in society. Men would be given perks at the expense of the degree and opportunity of womens representation; which are considerably affected by social norms and perceptions regarding womens roles in society. I take the stand that both genders should be given equal benefits based on their qualifications, and hence the pay differentials should not surface. At the individual level, adopting different educational-informational means to alter the aforementioned public perception of womens role in various spheres of society is essential. Using these strategies may boost public awareness of gender stereotyping, ensuring there is minimal social prejudice against women, as well as strengthening a positive insight. With the aim of overcoming uncertain societal nature of womens representation in the labour force, it is necessary to adopt legal constitutional provision on the principle of womens right to be represented. In Singapore, the Government and social partners commitments are affirmed by the addition of an appropriate clause in collective agreements to certify that employers conform to the principle of paying their employees the remuneration based on merit. To conclude, with the implementation of various means would improve the status of female representation and gender equality.

Building Effective Teams Essay -- Leadership

According to our text, Communicating at Work, an effective team has eight characteristics. These characteristics are: clear and inspiring shared goals; a results driven structure; competent team members; unified commitment; collaborative climate; standards of excellence; external support and recognition; and principled leadership. A group goes through four stages in becoming an effective team; forming, storming, norming, and performing (Adler and Elmhorst, 240, 251). Most of the characteristics of an effective team are brought to the team by one or more members, others are formed during the development process. In today’s environment of companies doing business in a global economy, teamwork is essential. â€Å"Employees working in effective teams help increase productivity, employee involvement, and contribution, while reducing costs and flattening organizational structure (Adams, 2003). In contrast, ineffective teams can cause increased costs, waste valuable time, and contribute to losses in market share (Ross, Jones, & Adams, 2008)† quotes Jean McAtavey and Irena Nikolovska in an article in Human Resource Development Quarterly. Today, teamwork is found in virtually all workplaces. Effective teams must be developed, not just formed. A group is not a team. Members of a group may sometimes work together, but members of a team always work together. The team need not all be in the same place to be working together. â€Å"With a group, the whole is often equal to or less than the sum of its parts; with a team, the whole is always greater† (Oakley, Brent, Felder and Elhajj, 2004). A team, as defined above, has certain characteristics that make it effective. Not all of these traits are present when a team is in the forming stage. Tea... ... and Irena Nikolovska. "Team Collectivist Culture: A Remedy for Creating Team Effectiveness." Human Resource Development Quarterly 21.3 (2010): 307-16. Web 25 Apr. 2012. Oakley, B., R. Brent, R. M. Felder, and I. Elhajj. Turning Student Groups into Effective Teams. Tech. 1st ed. Vol. 2. Stillwater: New Forums, 2004. Ser. 2004. Business Source Complete. Web 25 Apr. 2012. Vice, J. P., and L. W. Carnes. "Developing Communication and Professional Skills Through Analytical Reports." Business Communication Quarterly 64.1 (2001): 84-96. Web 20 Apr. 2012. Vik, G. N. "Doing More to Teach Teamwork than Telling Students to Sink or Swim." Business Communication Quarterly 64.4 (2001): 112-19. Web 21 Apr. 2012. Wardrope, W. J. "Department Chairs' Perceptions of the Importance of Business Communication Skills." Business Communication Quarterly 65.4 (2002): 60-72. Web 20 Apr. 20.

Skunk Hour Essay -- essays research papers

Frustration’s Armored Aroma Skunk Hour by Robert Lowell and The Armadillo by Elizabeth Bishop are two closely related poems. Both share the theme of an animal carrying with it natural defenses, and the image of an isolated spectator. However, there is one important contrast between these poems: The Armadillo portrays a creature who cannot comprehend the events destroying the life about it, whereas the speaker in Skunk Hour understands, possibly too well, the events affecting its life. By using the skunk as a descriptive element for his character, Robert Lowell increases the distance between the character and the brief glimpse of society portrayed in the poem. Skunks, generally, are avoided by everyone because of their reputation for spraying unwelcome visitors with a noxious vapor. Here, the reason for Robert Lowell’s choice in animals becomes obvious. Utilizing such an isolated animal to parallel the thoughts of the speaker, Lowell considerably strengthens the distance between the speaker of the poem and the "love-cars" (Lowell 11) being watched. Even if the occupants of those cars knew they were being observed, chances are they would not associate themselves with the speaker. In addition, Robert Lowell portrays his character as something akin to a stalker, illustrated in the following excerpt. One dark night, my Tudor Ford climbed the hill’s skull; I watched for love-cars. ...

Sales and Iventory

Online Sales and Inventory System For Marikina Shoe Exchange An Undergraduate Research Proposal Presented to The Computer Studies Department College of Science De La Salle University – Dasmarinas In Partial Fulfillement of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Inah Denise A. Almera John Florence M. Delimos Patrick P. Lozano September 2010 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study All things changes as the world progress on time. Man starts to fulfill their work from scratch and as generations have pass, man uses alternative to lessen the aggrevation of work One of these alternatives is technology which is evident in the enormous society. At present time, business establishments wants to seek the use of technology as a tool in incrementing sales and productivity. One of these companies is the Marikina Shoe Exchange. Marikina Shoe Exchange (MSE) is a group of companies selling footwear, apparel, body care, and household products. Most products sold by the company is Philippine made. This company is a family-owned Filipino corporation, owned by the Jardiolin family. MSE engages in direct selling. Natasha, Confetti, Xxtra, Vivacci, Gabrio Franco, and Shoe Studio are its sister companies. MSE’s history shows that it is deeply rooted on it’s sister companies timeline. 1984 marks the opening of the Confetti (named after the events of the EDSA revolution where confetti rains throughout the streets) Greenbelt branch and soon it blossoms around 1987 to 1990 where there is a notable rapid expansion of the said company. One of the company’s peak happens when they open another branch at the SM Megamall during 1989. In 1990, Natasha starts as a retail operation in Robinsons Galleria. Following that year till 1993 engraves the start of the Natasha Department Store outlets in Cinderella stores as well as in Landmark. In April 18, 1994, the group of companies launch its direct-selling marketing plan which is later revised from 1996 to 1997 to a new edge plan which is still used till present. The opening of the first MSE branch which is in Tutuban happens on September 1999. At present, MSE has thirteen branches which includes Tutuban, Dagupan, Alabang, Cubao, Davao, Cebu, Taft Avenue, Bacolod, Isabela, Cagayan de Oro, Starmall Mandaluyong, Pampangga and Imus, which is the location of our study. Although MSE has no mission and vision , it believes that they owe its success most of all to its adherence to its core values, namely customer service, discipline, constant improvement, respect for each other and honesty. MSE is still using its manual system on their transactions that cannot provide the securing and recording of daily transactions, the ability to provide an organized sales reports and the ability to keep track of the inventory, which would be somehow lessen the workload and the ability to keep track of the inventory, which would be somehow lessen the workload of the workers. And because of these problems manual system is very difficult to address. This study aims to dispell these problems by applying modern paradigm and methodologies to solve it and relate these systems synchronously. 2. Statement of the Research Problem MSE being a direct selling company encounters several problems. These problems are: Low Security of Files. There are chances of possibly loosing to data due to absence of citing the access levels in viewing and modifying data. Almost all elements are manually encoded including resultant values from computations. Unable to Monitor Products Thorougly. There are present ncertainties in the system such as assesing the supply if it exceed or is lower number of stocks. Without overseeing the quantity, updating the stocks from the supplier will have a delay which will eventually might run out and could lead to out of stock or phase out. Lackadaisical Report Generation. With the existing system, report generation is manual, resulting in unreliab ility or uncertainties in the reports. Reports needed to other succeeding documentations will have a pending state till the reports are finished eventhough there are chances that is overdue in the required time. 1. 3 Statement of Objectives . 3. 1 General Objectives To develop an Online Sales and Inventory System for Marikina Shoe Exchange. 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1. To analyze and determine the problems and the factorsof the existing system through the use of data flow diagrams. 2. To gather every detail and information required to make the system. 3. To make a system that will catch the the attention and interest of the user. 4. To make meaningful functionalities and features which are user-friendly. 5. To train the users particularly the assigned personnel on how to use the system at ease. 6. To create a database that will store significant datas in online ordering and as well as the inventory. 4. Significance of the Study This study will provide some merits to certain group of individuals. Some who will benefit the study are: Company. By this study, the gap between the customers and the company be shorten, increasing the incoming orders as well as the company’s productivity over time. They can also promote their products everywhere and everytime. Employee. Employees will have lesser work in maintaining their inventory as all orders description and others details are stored in the database. They can easily monitor all incoming orders as well as their remaining stocks and can minimize the cost of receipt generation. Customer. Through this study, the customer will be ensured with convenience in ordering their desired products, as well as being updated to the latest releases of trends and the recent promos, can pay through the net and get their orders on their doorsteps. Proponents. The proponent can have a wider understanding about how does processes in a system cycle throughout the supplier-business-customer relationship. They can also gain knowledge on strategic decisions on how to handle problems encountered by the company and how to formulate the proper solutions. Future Researchers. The future researchers will have ample ideas on how to deal problems in their researches especially those who will have the same topic. Using this research as a guideline, it can aid them in documentations and how to interrelate each concepts to mend the milestones of each activity. 1. 5 Scope and Limitations of the Study Front End. The front-end part of the system is the website which will be seen or used by the customers. The proponents will create a user friendly Website for Marikina Shoe Exchange that will enable users to view and order products online. Through this site, customers will be able register, view products, and receive notifications regarding new promos, and order products online. The Website will be updated regularly to provide excellent customer service. Back End. To make the inventory process of the company easier, the proposed system will include a database system that will lessen the errors made by manual inventory checking. The employee will simply input the number of stocks at hand. If the quantity of a certain product is below the normal level of the number of stocks, the employee will be notified to ensure that they have a good amount of stocks for a certain product. The proposed system will also provide security; only authorized employees will be able to check the database to avoid the risk of other people accessing the inventory files. Maintenance. The proponents will provide a certain device that will serve as the back-up of the proposed system. The said system will also be easy to maintain; all required information is stored in one database. Delivery. Delivery rates will depend on how far the customer is located and will also depend on the total amount of the customers’ ordered products. Mode of Payment. Since the customers ordered online, payment will be made through credit card. Registered customers will be asked to provide a credit card line and number to be able to order products online. This mode of payment is guaranteed on its convenience. 6. Methodology of the Study [pic] One way to reduce cycle time is to use phased development. The system is designed so that it can be delivered in pieces, enabling the users to have some functionality while the rest is being developed. Thus, there are usually two systems functioning in parallel: the production system and the development system. The operational or production sytem is the one currently being used by the customer and user; the development system is the next version that is being prepared to replace the current production system. Often, we refer to the systems in terms of their release numbers: the developers build Release 1, test it, and turn it over the users as the first operational release. Then, as the users use Release 1, the developers are building Release 2. Thus, the developers are always working on Release n + 1 while Release n is operational. There are many ways for the developers to decide how to organize development into releases. The two most popular approaches are incremental development and iterative development. In incremental development, the system as specified in the requirements documents is partitioned into subsystems by functionality. The releases are defined by beginning with one small, functional subsystem and then adding functionality with each new release. However, iterative development delivers a full system at the very beginning and then changes the fuctionality of each subsystem with each new release.

Leap Motion

Leap Motion Many of us are aware of the Leap Motion with is a small, $70 gesture control system that simply plugs into any computer and, apparently, just works. The most important thing is that, if you're familiar with the touch modality the interface is entirely intuitive (Christopher, 2012). It's touch, except it happens in the space in front of the screen, so we don't have to cover our window into our tech with all those unsightly smudges. This new technology unlike a touchscreen interface, we can just move our fingers with touching the scream and the pens inside just draw exactly what you leaps are.It's the difference between attempting to conduct a symphony with a wand and attempting to conduct the same symphony by sketching out what the orchestra should do next via chalk on a blackboard. Further more, Leap operates in three dimensions rather than two. Just imagine to â€Å"push to scroll,† rotating your flattened hand to control the orientation of an object with a full s ix degrees of freedom, or using both hands at once to control either end of a bezier surface you're casually sculpting as part of an object you'll be sending to your 3D printer (Christopher, 2012). I think this new technology is very useful to the stores like apple store.Since this kind of stores is a big market sale smart phone, touch scream pads and high quality laptops, it would be better production and financial operating with this higher and attractive technology. For example, as we all know that apple store is very popular in the world and people are just curious about what the new technology is will be come up every season with every new product. With the leap motion, people will be more convenient to do their work. So this will exactly improve the sale rations of the store. Expect the benefits it can make to the store, the leap motion will also be very useful to some companies’ technology production.For instance, for industry technology workers, they do not have to st and the whole day with the scream. They can just sit or walk wherever they want to do the work. This will be very convenient and flexible. So, the leap motion does bring us the value to our lives and it also promotes the technology development. Reference CHRISTOPHER MIMS. (2006, June 26). The Most Important New Technology Since the Smart Phone Arrives December 2012. Technology Review, from http://www. technologyreview. com/view/428350/the-most-important-new-technology-since-the-smart/

Thesis1

READING MATERIALS IN DEVELOPING VOCABULARY SKILLS OF FIRST YEAR EDUCATION STUDENTS AT PAMANTASAN NG CABUAYO CABUYAO, LAGUNA: AN ASSESSMENT S. Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao Cabuyao, Laguna In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English by: Magallanes, Neressa B. Manago, Annie Vie A. Minor, Ma. Airene M. Sarinas, Mary Grace C. Villanueva, Elsa L. Villanueva, Lyn G. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researchers would like to take this opportunity to extend their heartfelt gratitude to those who contributed in the success of the study.To   our   parents   and   family,   for   loving   and   supporting   us   morally   and   financially. To Dr. Gaudencio L. Lat   for   being   considerate   and   understanding   in   the administration   of the   study. To Professor Honeylie Buitre and Professor Mary Grace Laugico, for giving insights and helping us in the statistical treatment. To Professor   Edwin   Paming   for   allowing   us   to   conduct   the   test   during   his   class. To Professor Michelle Morado, for her competent educational guidance and assistance   from   the   very   start   until   the   completion   of   the   study. To Mr.Ronnie Batiao for his assistance, valuable advices, and generous support. To   Ms. Annie Vie Manago,   for   letting   us use   her   laptop   for   the   typing   and   editing of   the   manuscript. To Ms. Elham   Kashef   Saberi   and   Ms. Azadeh   Kashef   Saberi   for   their   help, cooperation   and   generous   support   for   the   completion   of   this   study. To   our   teachers,   for   sharing   their   knowledge   and   intelligence   with   the   researchers. To   our   classmates,   for   sharing   ideas,   concepts   and   even   mom ents   inside   and outside   the   classroom. The Researchers Vocabulary skills, in particular, are important.Why is it important? What are the advantages one can get from gaining a wide range of vocabulary? How do we learn from reading materials? Is reading materials a significant factor in one’s learning ability? It   is   a   fact   that   reading   materials   helps   in   developing   the   vocabulary   skills of   the   students. They   become   well   informed   by   reading   different   reading materials   such   as   educational   books,   journals,   newspapers,   dictionaries,   and magazines. Most   knowledge   is   transmitted   to   the   printed   page   or   electronically through   the   World   Wide   Web.However,   based   on the   results   of   the   study,   exposure   to   reading   materials does   not   necessarily   mean   that   you   are   skilled   in   terms   of   vocabulary. There are many   factors   which   needs   to   be   considered   such   as   the   age,   gender,   preferred reading   material,   reading   styles   and   socio-economic   status. The   main   aim   of   this   study   is   to   determine   how   reading   materials   help develop   vocabulary   skills   of   First   Year   Education   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. How does their learning styles, age, socio-economic status affects the development of their vocabulary skills? Summary of Findings:The following are the findings of the study: 1. Majority   of   the   respondents   with   the   frequency   of   38   at   38%   belong   to   17 years of   age. Female   respondents   register   at   a   frequency   of   80   comprising   80%   of   the total   number   of   the   respo ndents. Most   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the   middle class at   a   frequency   of   55%. 2. The   following   are   the   results   of   a   series   of   tests   which   reveals   that   majority   read books with   weighted   mean   of   3. 81,   which   implies   that   the   students   often   read books   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and   newspapers. . In   a   series   of   test   conducted,   it   shows   that   book   is   the   common   reading material   read   by   the   students   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. 4. The   comparative   analysis  Ã‚   resulted   in   the   significant   relationship   between   the exposure   to   the   different   reading   materials   and   vocabulary skills   development   of the   respondents. 5. The   results   of   the   series   of   the   tests   revealed   that   silent   reading   is   the   preferred   reading   style   of   the   students   which   helps   them develop   their   vocabulary   skills,   with   a   weighted mean   of   2. 3   and   is   verbally   interpreted   as   the   highest   rank   among   other   reading styles. Summary of Conclusions: Based   on   the   above   stated   results   of   the   investigation,   the   following   conclusion are   drawn: 1. A   typical   respondent   of   the   study   is   a   female  Ã‚   First   Year   Education   student   of Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   belonging   to   the   age   of   17. Furthermore, the   results  Ã‚  Ã‚   showed that   more   or   less   half   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the  Ã‚   middle   class   as   to   their   socio- economic   status   with   a   frequency   of   55   (55%). . The   First   Year Education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   choose   to   read books frequently   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and  Ã‚   newspaper  Ã‚   which could   help   them   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 3. The   common   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First   Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. 4. Different   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First Year   Education   at  Ã‚   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao. 5.Silent,   oral,   and   extensive   reading   are   the   top   three   that   is   most   preferred   reading styles   of   the   First   Year   education   Students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao  Ã‚   that   helps develop   their   vocabulary   skills. Recommendations: Based   on   the   result   and   conclusion   of   the   investigation,   the researchers   hereby recommend   the   following:   1. The   school   must   provide   interesting   reading   materials   appropriate to   the   age   of   the   students  . Therefore,   the  Ã‚   reading   materials must   be   of   general   interest   to   all      readers  Ã‚   both   female   and   male.Reading   materials   that   contains   interesting   facts   and   trivia’s   tend   to   attract   readers   from both   gender. The   results   also   shows   that   most   of   the   students  Ã‚   from   the   College   of Education  Ã‚   belongs   to   the   middle   class,   butà ‚  Ã‚   it   does   not   mean   that   those   students  Ã‚  Ã‚   from low,   higher   and   highest   class   should   be   satisfied   with   their   vocabulary   skills. They   are recommended   to   read   more,   especially  Ã‚   English   in   order   for   them   to   improve   their vocabulary   skills   that   will   be   necessary   in   their   future   professions.It also recommended that the government should provide reading materials in every schools. 2. The  school  must  provide more  interesting  reading materials in the library and the teachers should require to their students to go in the library to read newspapers, journals, magazines, books, and dictionaries. They   will   be   motivated  Ã‚   to   read   if   the   reading   materials   provided   for   them concerns   the   affective   domain. 3. More   reading   and   vocabulary   e xercises   are   recommended   for   further   enhancement   of the   students   vocabulary   skills.Even   though   the   students   preferred   to   read   books   as   the most   common   reading   materials   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills,   the  Ã‚   teachers should  Ã‚   promote   and   motivate  Ã‚   the   students   to   read   other   reading   materials. Teachers should also motivate the students to read magazines, newspapers, journals and dictionaries. 4. It is recommended that students and teachers must read more different reading materials and make as a daily habit in order to develop their vocabulary skills.Also recommended   that teachers   should   consider   the   different   reading   materials   that   will be   used   and   its   significance, they   should   consider   the individual   differences  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   stud ents   in   motivating  Ã‚  Ã‚   them   to   read. 5. The  reading  styles of the  students should  continuously indulge  Ã‚   themselves   in   reading   for them  to   improve   their   vocabulary   skills. Although   some of   the  Ã‚   respondents   got   average   scores   in   the   test, it   is   not   a   reason   for   them   to   be satisfied.They   are   still   recommended   to   read   newspaper, magazines, journals, dictionaries, and books   so   they   can enhance   their   vocabulary skills   and   become   effective   teachers   in   the   future. TABLE   OF   CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vi LISTS OF TABLES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGR OUNDIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Background of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Hypotheses of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Objectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scope and Delimitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 5 Significance of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURERelated Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Related Foreign Literature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Related Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research   Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Respondents   of   the   Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data   Gathering   Tools/Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 Data   Gathering   Procedure Statistical   Treatments   of   DataChapter   IV:   PRESENTATION,   ANALYSIS,   AND INTERPRETATION Profile   of   the   Respondent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 Statistical   Treatment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Reading   Styles   of   the   Respondents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 Chapter V:   SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RE COMMENDATION SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 RECOMMENDATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 APPENDICES Bibliography Survey   Questionnaire Curriculum   Vitae LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1:   CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM LIST   OF   TABLES 1. Table 1. . The percentage distribution of the respondents according to age. Table 1. 2 The percentage distribution of the respondents according to gender. Table 1. 3The percentage distribution of the respondents according to socio- economic status 2 &3. Table 2&3. Kinds of reading materials, common reading materials and fr equency of reading that helps in developing vocabulary skills. 4. Table 4. Test of Hypothesis for Pearson Correlation Coefficient Value 5. Table 5. Reading styles of the students which helps them develop their vocabulary skills.Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Reading   is   the   basic   tool   in   learning   other   subjects   taught   in   school. It   Ã‚  is   also an   instrument   in   understanding   the   different   subject   areas   like   arithmetic,   science, social studies,   English   and   other  Ã‚   subjects   depending   on   the   ability   to   read. Some   students are able  Ã‚   to   sound   words   although   they   do   not   know   what   the  Ã‚   word   means. In   the   real sense   this   is   not   reading,   what   the   students   do   is   nothing  Ã‚   but   word  Ã‚   calling (Galves,2005).When we read, th ere must be comprehension, otherwise no learning takes  Ã‚   place. Some of the students nowadays are fond of reading books. Some   understand what   the   author   wants   to   convey   while   others   cannot,   others  Ã‚   just   simply   read   it   without analyzing   the   words  Ã‚   used,   or   simply   for   fun   and   entertainment   only. On   the   other   hand, some would consider it as a habit. Reading   books   affect   the   student’s   or   learner’s   way   of   thinking,   the   way   they act, the   way they   communicate and interact with other people.It proves that learning is limitless because some are not contented in one reference only. Reading is a good hobby, yet it needs proper parental guidance to prevent the child or youth in reading books   or   any   reading  Ã‚   material   which   is   inappropriate   for   their   age   level . Students   often get   addicted   in   reading,   especially   pocketbooks,   and   tend   to   disregard   their   assignments and   even   their   duties   at   home. Reading   is   a   good,   meaningful   and   relaxing   way   of   spending   your   past time, instead   of   playing   cards ,   window   shopping,   and  Ã‚   hanging   out   with   friends.By   reading, you   will learn   more,   it   will   broaden   your   mind   and   help   you   understand   what   is   the reality of   life. Sometimes,   it   changes   people’s   perception   or   views   in   life   and   somehow develops   and enhances   good   personality,   because   of   the   ideas   and   knowledge   earned from   what   has   been   read. According   to   Cziko   et   al   (2000)   reading   is   sharing   and   get ting   information   and idea   from   the   text. Many   people   think   of   reading   skills   which   is   taught   once  Ã‚   and   for all   on   few   years   of   school.More often credits (or  blame)   for   students   reading   ability goes   to   primary   teachers. Upper elementary and secondary school teachers at grade level only   need   to   teach   new   concepts   relevant   to   their   students   ability   to   comprehend. See this way, reading  Ã‚   process; readers decode each word in a text and then automatically comprehend   the   meaning   of   the   words   as   they   do   their   everyday  Ã‚   spoken  Ã‚   language. Reading  Ã‚   makes  Ã‚   our  Ã‚   mind   active   because   it   is   significant   to   apply  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   acquired knowledge  Ã‚   in   our   daily   lives.Our  Ã‚   imagination expands  Ã‚  Ã‚   and enhances  Ã‚   our cognitive ability through what the readers have read. Also,   through   reading ,   ability   to   analyze   and evaluate   the   text   to   criticize   or   make   some   conclusion   is   also   developed. In  Ã‚   reading, you  Ã‚   recognize the structure of grammar. A   child   exposed   in  Ã‚  Ã‚   reading   earlier   in   his/her childhood  Ã‚   stage  Ã‚  Ã‚   provides   exercise   in   his/ her   mind. It   Ã‚  also develops their cognitive ability and improves their intelligence.It   is   for   this   reason   that   the   researchers   will   undertake   this   study   and   use the   first   year   Education   students   as   the  Ã‚   respondents;   the   purpose   is   to   find   out   how students   would   cope   with   their   education   by   means of   determining   the   reading materials  Ã‚   that   could   enhance   the   vocabulary   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To determine the vocabulary development of the respondents when grouped according to:    1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socio-economic status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the  Ã‚   frequency   of   reading. 3.To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 4. To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. Statement of the Problem This   study   will   attempt    to   find   out   on   how   reading   materials   help   in   developing the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students/learners   particularly   in selected First   Year   Education students   (BSED and BEEd)   at   PnC.Specifically, the study will be answering the following questions: 1. What   is   the   demographic   profile   of   the   respondents   in   terms   of: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2 Gender; and 1. 2  Ã‚  Socio-economic Status? 2. What kind of reading materials are being read and the frequency of reading? 3. What   are   the   common   reading   materials   read   by   the   students   that   helps   in developing   their   vocabulary   skills:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. 1 Books; 3. 2. Magazines; 3. 3. Journals; 3. 4. Newspapers; and 3. 5. Dictionary? 4.Is   there   any   significant   relationship   of   exposure   in   different   reading   materials   and  Ã‚   developing vocabulary   skills   of   the   students? 5. What   are   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   which   helps   them   to   develop   their  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills? Hypothesis of the Study To   be   able   to   answer   the   above   questions,   the   study   divided   the   following hypothesis. Null   hypothesis-   There   is   no   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to   different reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students.Alternative   hypothesis-   There   is   a   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to different   reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To   determine   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   development   of   the   r espondents   when grouped according  Ã‚   to: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2  Ã‚  Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Socioeconomic   status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the     frequency   of   reading. 3. To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. . To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure   of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This   study   limits   its   coverage   on   first   year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao,   Laguna. It’s   main   purpose   is   to   determine   the   effectiveness   of   reading materials   in   developing  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   the   respondents.In   this   study,   the researchers   limit   the   use   of   English   reading   materials   on   the   following:  Ã‚   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers,   and   dictionary. The   researchers   limits   their   reading styles   in   oral,   silent,   scanning,   skimming,   extensive,   and   intensive   types   of   reading. DELIMITATION This   study   did not cover   other   courses, year   levels, other   reading materials   other   than   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers, and dictionary and   reading   styles   other   than   oral,   silent,, scanning,   skimming,   extensive, intensive   reading   styles of   the   respondents.SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE STUDY This   res earch   study   wants   to   gain   information   on   the   reading materials   in developing   vocabulary   skills   of   selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao,   Laguna,   school   year   2011-2012. This   will   serve   as   the  Ã‚   springboard   or basis   to   improve   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. School Administrators. The   result   can   be   used   as   the   basis   for   providing reading   materials   taking   into   consideration   the   needs   of   college   students in developing their vocabulary skills.School Instructors and Professors. The   findings  Ã‚   of   the   study   could   help instructors   and   professors   to   identify   the   reading   materials   being   used   where   they have   to   apply   certain   techniques   and   strategies   in   relation   of   developing   vocabulary skills. Students. The  Ã‚   result  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   study   may   provide   the   concerned   pupils how to   broaden   the   vocabulary   skills. Theoretical framework: Robert   Gagne’s   Information   Processing   Theory   or   Information-processing Approach  Ã‚  (1950).The   two   theoretical   ideas   considered   fundamental   to   cognitive  psychology   and   information processing   framework   were   â€Å"chunking†Ã‚   and   the  Ã‚  test-operate- test-exit   (TOTE). Chunk   is   any   meaningful   unit   of   information   and   is   good   or  appropriate   for   the   capacity   of the   short-term   memory,   like   for   example   familiarizing   any  digit,   word,   chess   positions,   or   students’   faces. It   implies   that   short-term   memor y   could  only   hold   5-9   chunks   of   information   either   seven   plus   or   minus   two. TOTE   can   possibly  replace   the   stimulus   response   as   fundamental   unit   of   behavior.Here,   there   is   aconduction   of   testing   cycle   which   is   repeated   for   several   times   to   determine   the   success  of   its   operation   until   the   goal   is   achieved   which   can   be   a   good   foundation   for   problem-  solving   tasks. Origin   of   information   processing   theory   began   in   cybernetics,   game   theory,  communication   theory   and   information   theory   which   gained   its   popularity   when   these  things   reach   their   full   development. This   theory   likened   the   mind   to   a   processing   system  where   knowledge   i s   represented   in   the form   of   symbols.It   is   important   to   study   information-processing   approach   in   order   to   understand how   information   is   encoded,  Ã‚   processed,   stored,   and   retrieved. In  Ã‚  sensory   registers, information   from   external   environment   is   represented   in   its   original   sensory   form   where there   is   a   separate   register   for   each   sensory   modality   like   visual,   auditory,   tactile, kinesthetic,   or   olfactory   that   can   hold   large   amount   of   information,   yet   only   for   a   matter of   milliseconds. Information   can   be   lost   at   the   end   of   that   time   unless   it   can   be described   during   the  Ã‚  pattern   recognition   process.Short-term Memory   System  (STM)   functions   in   two   important   ways:   1)   it organizes   information   by   integrating   new   information   with   the   existing   information   and   2) it   temporarily   stores   information   for   the   learners’   use   (Kameenui,   Carnine,   Dixon, Simmons,   &   Coyne,   2002). Also   known   as   the  Ã‚  working   memory,   the   short-term memory   system   has   a   smaller   capacity,   but   its   representations   are   more durable. In STM,   we   utilize   different   strategies   and   techniques   to   remember   or   solve   problems.Limited   pieces   of   information   only   can   be   stored,   and   for   a   short   period   of   time. On the   other   hand,   if   we   do   some   cognitive   operations   on   the   data,   we   can   store   them in   the  Ã‚  long-term   memory  (LTM). Data   that   is   stored   at   the   LTM   is   expected   to   be stored   indefinitely,   and   is   labeled   as   verbal   or   visual   information   for   future   use; it includes   the   episodic   and   semantic   knowledge. There   are   several   ways   to develop/strengthen   the   short-term   memory   system   these   are   repetition,   chunking, identification   of   logical   patterns   Brownell (2002).The   Long-term   Memory   System  Ã‚  (LTM)   is   a   warehouse   of   knowledge. It   is   also known   as   data   bank   that   stores   information   likened   to   a   floppy   disk,   hard   desktop   USB that   stores   huge   amount   of   information. When   we   perceive   something   with   our   sensory modalities,   we   are   able   to   form   and   arrange   information   in to   meaningful   order   as   we progressively   make   connections   in   our   brain. The   group   of   neurons   help   us   integrate knowledge,   arrange   it,   and   utilize   it   in   a   meaningful   context   so   we   can   understand   the everyday   occurrences.For   sensory   input   to   be   effective,   all   our senses   should   be   fully operational. A   student   who   cannot  Ã‚   see   or   hear   better   is   not   in   better   condition   to   attend to   and   process   the   environmental   stimuli. Brownell   (2002)   also   identified   certain   LTM techniques   they   are   association,   categorization,   mediation,   imagery,   and   mnemonics. Aquino (2009). According to Lockhart (2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   me mory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory.In   recognition,   you   select   or   otherwise   identify   an   item   as   being   one   that   you   learned previously. Working   memory   holds   only   the   most   recently   activated  Ã‚   portion   of   long-term memory,   and   it   moves   these   activated   elements   into   and   out   of   brief,   temporary   memory storage   ( Dosher). Conceptual   Framework: Input Process Output Definition   of   Terms The   following   words   are   used   operationally   in   this   study: Communication.This   refers   in   giving   or   receiving   of   information,   this   can   be   done   by gestures,   writings   and   by   talking. Comprehension. This   refers   to   the   readers   understanding   to   what   the   author   has   written. according   to   the   expert,   it   requires the   fusion   in   meanings   of   separate words  Ã‚   into   chain   of   related   ideas. Decode  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Figure out how to pronounce. Education  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and attitude, through instruction   and   training. Effectiveness. This   word   refers   to   an expected   response. It   is   synonymous   to   the word  Ã‚   success.Extensive reading. Comprehensive  Ã‚  reading   of   long   texts   or   books   for   the expres purpose   of   discerning   global   meaning   images   is   the   art   of   extensive reading. It   is   reading   imaginatively,   creatively,   and   critically. Intensive reading. This reading strategy which is   characterized   by deliberate attention and   Ã‚  Ã‚  deep   concentration. It   is   reading   for   details. Learning. This   refers   to   the   psychological   activity   in   development   such   as acquisition   Ã‚  of  Ã‚   symbol   knowledge   or   motor   skills,   and   as   intellectual and   Ã‚  creative   process.Long   term   memory. Warehouse   of   knowledge   and   also   known   as   data   bank   that   stores information  Ã‚   likened   to   floppy   disk,   hard   disk,   or   USB   that   stores huge  Ã‚   amount   of   information. Reading. Refers   to   the   recognition   of   printed   or   written   symbol,   which   serve as stimuli  Ã‚   for   the   recall. Reading  Ã‚   Interest. This   refers   to   the   pleasure   or   enjoyment   of   someone   when   interprets or understand   a   reading   materials. Sensory  Ã‚   Register. Information  Ã‚  Ã‚   from external environment is represe nted   in   its   original sensory  Ã‚   form.Scanning. The research for a specific information or for an appropriate answer to a particular question is referred to as scanning. Skimming. As   a  Ã‚   strategy,   skimming   refers   to   the   method   of   glancing   rapidly through  Ã‚  the   reading selection or text for the purpose of   extracting   the thought , the   gist   or   main   points. Short   term memory. Temporarily stores information for the learner’s use, also known as  Ã‚   the  working   memory. It   has   a   smaller   capacity   but   its representations  Ã‚   are   more   durable. Chapter 2RELATED   LITERATURE   AND   STUDIES The   literature   that   follow   are   taken   from   different   authors   that   enlighten   the researchers   on   angle   and   aspects   of   the   current   study. RELATED   LITERATURE Local   Literature Rea ding   is   a   dynamic   process   in   which  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   reader   interacts   with   the   text   to construct  Ã‚   meaning. Inherent   in   constructing   meaning   is   the   reader's   ability   to   activate prior   knowledge   use reading   strategies   and   adapt   to   the   reading   situation. (Ma. Cecilia Crudo 2005) Foreign   LiteratureThe   importance   of   vocabulary   to   life   success   makes   it   of   practical   importance   for Investigation   (Hoff 2007). Executive   functioning   refers   to   a   variety   of   related   cognitive   skills   that   involve   the ability   to   maintain   task-relevant   information   in   short-term   memory,   as   well   as   the   ability to   manipulate   this   information   through   the   engagement   of   focused   attention   (National Institute   of   Child   Health   and   Human   Development   Early   Child   Care   Research   Network [NICHD ECCRN],   2005;   Wolfe   Bell,   2007).Among   these   skills   are   working   memory and   cognitive   inhibitory   control,   both   of   which   are   associated   with   frontal   lobe   function. Children   who   are   able   to   engage   in   goal-directed   behavior   by   reducing   their   attention   to distracting   stimuli,   either   internal   or   external,   demonstrate   such   skills. When   in   a   learning situation   with   other   children   or   adults,   increasing   levels   of   shyness   may   be   associated with   a   decreased   ability   to   focus   attention   on   the   task   at   hand.Exploration   of,   and   engagement   with,   the   environment   fosters   the   developm ent   of vocabulary   (Hart, 2004; Horn & Blankson, 2005;). Family environments provide opportunities for the development of vocabulary. Individuals   who are   reared   in   home   environments   that   encourage   exploration   have   many   opportunities   for the  Ã‚   development   of   vocabulary.Indeed,  Ã‚   research  Ã‚   has   repeatedly   supported   the proposition   that   opportunities   for   productive   activity—the   extent   to   which   toys   and learning   materials   are   available   in   the   home   environment,   along   with   the   extent   to   which parents   directly   teach   their   child   concepts   and   take   their   child   to   places   and   events   that provide   enrichment–are   positively   related   to   vocabulary   (Bradley & Corwyn, 2005; Bradley,Corwyn, Burchinal, McAdoo, & Garcia Coll, 2001 ;).Research   also   indicates   that   engagement   in   productive   activities   is   related   to   attention focusing   and   memory,   both   of   which   are   elements   of   executive   functioning   (NICHD ECCRN, 2005). Swerling   (2005)   opines   that   reading   of   text-such   as   books, magazines   and newspapers,   plays   a   key   role   in   developments   of   reading   fluency   (speed   and   ease   of reading),   vocabulary,   background   and   even   spelling.Memory   is   the   means   by   which   we   retain   and   draw   on   our   past experiences   to use   that information   about   past   experience( Tulving 2000; and   Craik,2000). As   process, memory   refers   to   the   dynamic   mechanisms   associated   with   storing,   retaining,   and retrieving   information   about   past   experience (Hernandez Blase, 2003). Specifically,   cognitive psychologist   have   identified   three   common   operations   of   memory:   encoding,   storage,   and retrieval(Baddeley,2000).According   to Lockhart,(2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   memory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory. in   recognition. RELATED   STUDIES Foreign   Studies According   to   Ehri and Rosenthal (2011),  Ã‚  an   experiment   with   different   assignments was   conducted   to  Ã‚   examine   the   effectiveness   of   a   technique   to   acquire   unfamiliar   English vocabulary   words   during   text   reading.Lower   socio-economic   status,   language   minority fifth   graders   (M = 10   years,   7   months   n = 62)   silentlyà ‚   read   eight   passages   each   focused on   an   uncommon   multi-syllabic   word   that   was   underlined,   embedded   in   a   meaningful context,   defined,   depicted,   and   repeated   three   times. Students   were   grouped   by   word reading   ability,   matched   into   pairs,   and   randomly   assigned   to   one   of   two   conditions. In the   strategy   condition,   students   orally   pronounced   the   underlined   words   during   silent reading.In   the   control   condition,   students   penciled   a   check   if   they   had   seen   the underlined   words   before   but   did   not   say   the   words   aloud. Results   of   ANNOVAs   showed that   the   oral   strategy   enhanced   vocabulary   learning   (ps ; . 01),   with   poorer   readers showing   bigger   effect   sizes   than    better   readers   in   remembering   pronunciation-meaning associations   and   spellings   of   the   words. In   a   second   experiment,   32   fifth   graders   from the   same   school   described   the   strategies   they   use   when   encountering   uncommon   words   in context.Better   readers   reported   more   word-level   strategies   whereas   poorer   readers reported   more   text-based   strategies. Our   explanation   is   that   application   of   the   word-level strategy   of   decoding   new   words   aloud   strengthened   connections   between   spellings, pronunciations,   and   meanings   in   memory   compared   to   silent   reading   of   new   words, particularly   among   poor   readers   who   were   less   skilled   and   less   likely   to   use   this   strategy unless   Ã‚  instruc ted   to   do   so.According   to   Derakhshan and Shahrzad (2011),   a   solid   body   of   research   findings substantiates   that   most   vocabulary,   in   first,   second   or   foreign   language,   is   learned incidentally   which   is   defined   as   learning   vocabulary   as   a   by-product   of   any   activity   not precisely   geared   to   vocabulary   learning.Therefore,   the   present   study   mainly   focused   on the   effect   of   teaching   and   intervention   in   deriving   word   meaning   on   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   EFL   context;   secondly,   it   aimed   to   find   out   whether   the   contextualized   words that   appear   with   more   clues   learned   better   and   consequently   kept   longer;   finally,   it sought   to   explore   whether   instructio n   could   lead   to   increase   in   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   the   text. To  Ã‚   these   ends,   50   freshmen   Iranian   college   students   from   Teacher Training   University   of   Azerbaijan   participated   in   this   study.These students enrolled for the reading class in   two   separate   semesters. The results   of   the   TOEFL   and   Vocabulary Level   Test   (VLT)   revealed   that   the   participants   enjoyed   approximately   the   same   level   of proficiency. There   were   two   post-tests   which   were   taken   at   certain   time   intervals. The results   of   this   study   showed   that   the   instruction   in   deriving   word   meaning   had   positive effect   on   students'   incidental   vocabulary   learning. Also   it   was   concluded   that   students should   meet    the   words   in   contextualized   forms   more   frequently   in   order   to   keep   and retain   them   in   the   long   run.Beck,   McKeown and Kucan, (2002), there   is   tremendous   need   for   more vocabulary   instruction   at all   grade   levels   by   all   teachers. The   number   of   words   that students   need   to   learn   is   exceedingly   large; on   average   students   should   add   2,000  Ã‚   to 3,000   new   words   a   year   to   their   reading   vocabularies. Students who enter school   with limited   vocabulary   knowledge. At   first-grade, high – performing   students,   but   that differential   gets   magnified   each   year, resulting   in igh-performing   12th   grade   students knowing   about   four   times   as   many   words   as   the   low-performing   12th graders(Hart and Risley, 2001). According   to   Hirch(2003), word   knowledge   is   crucial   to   reading   comprehension and   determines   how   well   students   will   be   able   to   comprehend   the texts   they   read   in middle  Ã‚   and   high   school. Comprehension  Ã‚   is far more than  Ã‚   recognizing words and remembering  Ã‚   their  meanings. However,   if   a   student’s   does   not   know   the   meanings   of   a sufficient   proportion   of   the   words   in   the   text,   comprehension   is   impossible.Vocabulary experts   agree   that   adequate   reading   comprehension   depends   on   a person   already knowing   between   90   and   95   percent   of   the   words  Ã‚   in   a text. Knowing at   least   90 percent   of   the   words   enable   the   reader   to   get   the   main   idea   fro m   the  Ã‚   reading   and guess what   many   of   the   unfamiliar   words   mean,   which   will   help   them   learn   new   words. Readers  Ã‚   do   not   recognize   at   least   90   percent  Ã‚  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   words   will   not   only  Ã‚   have difficulty   comprehending   the   text,   but   they   will   miss   out   on   the   opportunity   to   learn   new words.Piksuki  Ã‚   and   Chard   (2003),   young   children   naturally   learn   to communicate through listening  Ã‚   and  Ã‚   speaking. In order   to   make   the   transition   to   communicating   through   reading and  Ã‚   writing,   they   need   a   large   meaning   vocabulary   and effective decoding  Ã‚   skills. There   is an  Ã‚   abundance   of  Ã‚   research   evidence   to   show   that   an   effective   decoding  Ã‚   strate gy   allow student   not   only   to   identify   printed   words   accurately   but   to   do   so   rapidly   and automatically. Juel  Ã‚   at   al. 2003)   showed   that   while   teachers  Ã‚   in   kindergarten spent  Ã‚   considerable time   reading   and  Ã‚   discussing   books  Ã‚   to   children   with   below   average  Ã‚   vocabularies,   these activities   had   minimal   impact   on   the   progress   of   the   children. Only   when   teachers   spent focused   on   time   on   the   vocabulary   did   significant   growth   occur . We   apply   the   term â€Å"instructional   read   aloud†Ã‚  Ã‚   to   read   aloud   events   where,   to   stimulate   an   interest   in   books in   reading,   there   also   a   deliberate   teaching   of   skills   that will   promote   independence   in reading,    such   as   an   increased   vocabulary.Local   studies According   to  Garcia (2006)  Ã‚  if   children   will not   read,   they   are   less   likely   to   develop automatically,   vocabulary   and   concepts   about   the   world   as   well   as   intrinsic   motivation   to read. In   a   book   by   Villamin   et   al,   (2001)   different   levels   of   thinking   was   classified with   interaction   between   the   reader   and   the   text   may   occur,   which   are   literal,   inferential, critical,   and   creative. However,   it   is   in   the   creative   level   of   comprehension   that   the reading,   in   its   fullest   sense,   is   said   to   truly   occur.Dr. Thomas   C. Barrett   developed   a   taxonomy   now   popular   known as   â€Å"The   Barrett   Taxonomy   of   Re ading   Comprehension†Ã‚   to   meet   the   needs   of   teachers and   instructional   materials   developers  Ã‚  Ã‚   who   wanted   a   systematic,   structural   approach   to teaching   reading   skills. (Alcantara   et   al, 2003) Literal   comprehension   is   the   understanding   of   surface   meanings   or   idea   that are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   materials. It   is   merely   determining   what   the   writer   or idea   that   are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   material.It   is   merely   determining   what   the is   conveying. Comprehending   at   the   inferential   level   involves   determining   relationships and   drawing   from   these   the   writer’s   intended   meanings   which   are   implied   in   the   reading material. Reading   at   the   critical   level   requires   the   reader   to   judge   the   worth   of   ideas presented   and   the   effectiveness of   presentation. Reading   at   the   creative   level   involves   the integration   of  Ã‚   bright   ideas   read   with   prior   knowledge   and   experience   so   that   the   new ideas   and   deeper   insights   are   formed.This   levels   of   comprehension   follow   an   ascending sequence   of   difficulty  Ã‚   and   complexity   of   thinking – with   literal   comprehension   as   the lowest   level   while   creative   comprehension   at   the   highest. Thus,   comprehension   is   not   just â€Å"understanding,†Ã‚  Ã‚   but   feeling   the   emotional   experience   embedded,   reasoning,   judging,   and creating. This   thinking   processes   may   not   necessarily follow   a   hierarchal    sequence   for   the reason   that   comprehension   may   occur   any   level   of   thinking. All   reading   require   a considerable   amount   of   understanding   the   literal   sense â€Å"of   what   is   read.    And   fully   gain   from   the   reading   experience   and enjoy   it   as   well,   the reader   must   go   beyond   the   literal   level   of   comprehension   and   reach   the   heights   of   the creative   level. In   some   classroom,  Ã‚  teachers   are   trying   out   several   techniques   to   see   which would   facilitate   comprehension   –   language   experience,   dimensional   approach,   program instruction,   diagnostic   – prescriptive   method,   semantic   webbing/mapping,   story   grammar etc. The   last   approach   seems   to   offer   possibilities   of   integrating   some   basic communication   skills   that   enhance   comprehension.A   careful   scrutiny   however,   reveals that   the   grammar   is   not   an   entirely   new   technique. (Alcantara et al, 2003) Assessment   of   Related   Literature   and   Studies The   related   literature   summed –   up   has   significant   relationship   with   the   present  study   for   the   reason   of   presenting   the   definition   of   the   word   reading   and   its   significance  in   vocabulary   development,   the   importance   of   interests   in   reading   and   it   also   enumerated  different   reading   materials   which   is   subject   of   this   present   day.The   study   conducted   by  foreign   and   local   researchers   has   bearing   because   of the   other   similarities    of   other  variables   with   the   present   study. The     researchers   of   the   present   study   cleared   that   there  is   no   duplication,   the   similarities   are   necessary   to   find   out   if   the   findings   are   true   and  valid   in   other   places. Synthesis In reading, one must  possess  a  wide  range  of  vocabulary. A reader’s vocabulary is valuable in reading comprehension. A   reader   with   a   good   amount   of   words   in   his vocabulary   is   able   to   grasp   the   meaning   of   the   words.One   disadvantage   of   a   poor vocabulary   is   the   reader   will   consume   more   time   in   searching   for   the   meaning   of   a certain   word. Chapter 3 RESEARCH   METHODOLOGY The   objective   of   the   research   would   not   be   realized   without   a   plan   or   strategy. This   chapter   presents   the   method,   instrument   use,   source   of   data,   validation, administration,   and   collection   of questionnaires,   presentations   of   the   respondents   of   the study,   and   the   statistical   treatment   of   the   data. Research   DesignThe   researchers   used   the   descriptive   method   of   research   to   elicit   answer   to   the statement   of   the   problem   in   the   study. Descriptive   research   is   defined   by   Arevalo (2005),   as   a   fact   finding   research with   sufficient   interpretation. The   researchers   used   this   research   design   because   the   main purpose   of   descriptive  Ã‚   method   is   to   measure   the   variable   or   factors   in   a   certain   study. Thus,   this   surv ey   can   measure   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   Education   students   at Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. Respondents  Ã‚   of  the  StudyThe  Ã‚   subject  of  Ã‚   this  study   consisted   of selected First   Year   Education   students   at Pamantasan  Ã‚   ng   Cabuyao. Their   total   Ã‚  population  Ã‚   is   equal   to   130. The   proponents   is   able to   select   98   of   its   members 75%  Ã‚  of   their   total   number. In   simple   random   sampling   technique   was   utilized   in   choosing   the   sample members. In   determining   sample   size,   the   Slovin’s   formula   was   used. The   computation   of the   sample   size   was   given   below. N=  Ã‚  Ã‚   =  =  = 98 Where   n =   sample   size;   N = population   size;   and   e = margin   of   error   (either   0. 01   or   0. 05) Development  Ã‚   of   Research   InstrumentsIn  Ã‚  Ã‚   preparation  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the  Ã‚   questionnaire   the   major   research  Ã‚   instrument  Ã‚   used  Ã‚  Ã‚   by   the researchers   is   the   consultation   of   several   knowledgeable   persons and   gathering   of information   through   educational   books. The   researchers   also   make   it   a   point   that   the items   are   sufficient   enough  Ã‚   to   answer   all the   specific   questions   under   the statement   of   the problem. After   the   final   draft   of   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   submitted   it   to   the thesis   adviser   for   necessary   corrections,   after   which   it   was   finalized. Data   Gathering   ProcedureThe   researchers   conducted   this   study   and   gathered   data   by   distributing que stionnaires   to   be   answered   by   selected   respondents. Before   working   on   this   research, the   researchers   asked   the   permission   of   the   Dean   of   College   of   Education   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao   to   conduct   the   study   through   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the respondents. After   the   researchers   has   secured   the   letter   of   permission   from   the   Dean,   the researchers   personally   administered   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the   respondents   in their   respective   classroom.After   the   respondents   had   answered   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   checked   the answer   sheets. The raw scores were collected and tallied in tables. The results were analyzed and interpreted in the light of the goals of the   study. Validation   ofà ‚   Research   Instrument For   validation   purposes,   the   researchers   read   several   theses   and   consulted   English teachers   for   the   questionnaire. It   was   validated   through   the   students   of   the   same   level from   other   school   before   it   was   administered   to   the   respondents. Statistical Treatment of DataAfter  Ã‚   the   data   gathering,   the   data   were   tallied,   analyzed,   and   interpreted   using statistical   tools. To   determine   if  Ã‚   there   is   a   relationship   between  Ã‚   exposure  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   reading  Ã‚   materials  and  Ã‚   vocabulary  Ã‚   skills   of     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao ,the correlation  Ã‚   was  Ã‚   established  Ã‚   using  Ã‚   Pearson  Ã‚   Coefficient  Ã‚   of Correlation. (http://davidmlane. com/hyperstat/A51911. html) The formula is Where: N –  number of respondents X –  first variable Y  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  second variable r   -relationship The   following   are   the   statistical   treatment   applied   in   the study.The   frequency   and percent   distributions   were   used   in   presenting   the   reading   materials   in   developing   the vocabulary   skills   of   first   year   education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. The percentage   formula   is: %=  Ã‚   x 100% Total   frequency 1. Percentage 2. Weighted   mean 3. Pearson   Value Interpretation   for   Computed   Mean |Weighted   Mean |Interpretation |Symbol | |0. 505-1. 500 |Never |N | |1. 505-2. 00 |Seldom |Se | |2. 505-3. 500 |Sometimes |So | |3. 505-4. 500 |Often |O | |4. 505-5. 500 |Always |A | 4. Test   of   Hypothesis Tc   l = r Decision   rule: At   5%   level   of   significance, If   tc